Department of Physics

PHYS 1115. General Physics I Laboratory.

This course is the first of two laboratory courses in the General Physics sequence. The course focuses on experimental practices including data collection, analysis and visualization, experimental design, and development of technical laboratory skills. Topics include mechanics (motion, force, momentum), energy, and thermal physics. Laboratory activities involve analysis and calculations based on experimental data, with assessment through post-laboratory assignments and a laboratory practical evaluating data analysis and problem-solving techniques. Corequisite: PHYS 1315 or PHYS 1335 with a grade of "D" or better.

PHYS 1125. General Physics II Laboratory.

This course is the second of two laboratory courses in General Physics. The course focuses on experimental practices including data collection and analysis, model development and assessment, experimental design, and scientific communication. Topics include waves, optics, electricity, magnetism, and modern physics. Laboratory activities involve design and execution of experiments, data interpretation, and preparation of scientific reports. Assessment is based on pre-laboratory and post-laboratory assignments that evaluate experimental design, data analysis, and communication of results. Prerequisite: PHYS 1315 and PHYS 1115 with grades of "D" or better. Corequisite: PHYS 1325 or PHYS 1345 with a grade of "D" or better.

PHYS 1310. Elementary Physics I.

This course provides a conceptual survey of selected topics in physics, including mechanics, properties of matter, heat, and sound. Emphasis is placed on qualitative understanding and applications that relate physical principles to everyday phenomena. The course also examines the nature of science as a discipline and the foundational concepts that define physics. PHYS 1310 and PHYS 1320 are designed for liberal arts students; the order of enrollment is not important. These courses are not intended for pre-engineering students or for science majors or minors.

PHYS 1315. General Physics I.

This course is the first in a two-semester, algebra-based sequence that examines the fundamental laws and principles of physics. Topics include mechanics, conservation laws, and properties of matter. The course is intended for students whose programs require technical physics preparation but who are not engineering students, physics majors or minors, or enrolled in calculus-based physics programs. Prerequisite: [MATH 1315 or MATH 1317 or MATH 2321 or MATH 2417 or MATH 2471 with a grade of "C" or better] or [ACT Mathematics score of 24 or better] or [New ACT Mathematics score of 25 or better] or [SAT Mathematics score of 520 or better] or [SAT Math section score of 550 or better] or [Next-Generation Advanced Algebra and Functions Test score of 263 or better]. Corequisite: PHYS 1115 with a grade of "D" or better.

PHYS 1320. Elementary Modern Physics.

This course is a non-mathematical survey of electricity, magnetism, light, relativity, and atomic and nuclear physics. These topics are examined conceptually with applications related to natural phenomena and technologies encountered in everyday life. The course introduces the modern physics concept of fields and explores how physical principles are used to explain observable events and scientific discoveries. PHYS 1310 and PHYS 1320 are designed for liberal arts students. The order in which they are taken is not important. They are not recommended for pre-engineering students or majors and minors in science.

PHYS 1325. General Physics II.

This course is the second in a two-semester, algebra-based sequence that examines the fundamental laws and principles of physics. Topics include waves, light, electricity and magnetism, and microscopic properties of matter. The course is intended for students whose programs require technical physics preparation but who are not engineering students, physics majors or minors, or enrolled in calculus-based physics programs. Prerequisites: PHYS 1315 or PHYS 1335 with a grade of "C" or better. Corequisites: PHYS 1125 with a grade of "D" or better.

PHYS 1335. General Physics I for Life Sciences Majors.

This course introduces fundamental principles of physics with emphasis on applications relevant to life science disciplines. Topics include kinematics, forces, energy, momentum, rotational motion, and fluid mechanics. The course integrates conceptual understanding with quantitative problem-solving and explores examples from biology, medicine, and environmental science. Laboratory or demonstration components may be included to reinforce theoretical concepts through observation and measurement. Students develop skills in mathematical modeling, data interpretation, and scientific reasoning applicable to life science contexts. Prerequisite: [MATH 1315 or MATH 1317 or MATH 2321 or MATH 2417 or MATH 2471 with a grade of "C" or better] or [ACT Mathematics score of 24 or better] or [New ACT Mathematics score of 25 or better] or [SAT Mathematics score of 520 or better] or [SAT Math section score of 550 or better] or [AAF score of 263 - 300]. Corequisite: PHYS 1115 with a grade of "D" or better.

PHYS 1340. Astronomy: Solar System.

This course introduces the physical properties, formation, and evolution of the solar system. Topics include the Sun, planets, moons, dwarf planets, asteroids, and comets, as well as the processes that shape planetary surfaces and atmospheres. The course examines observational techniques, space missions, and current scientific models used to study solar system objects. Emphasis is placed on applying principles of physics and astronomy to interpret data and understand the structure and dynamics of planetary systems. Students will evaluate evidence related to planetary formation theories and compare characteristics across different bodies within the solar system. The course also considers how scientific knowledge of the solar system has developed over time through observation, experimentation, and technological advancement.

PHYS 1345. General Physics II for Life Science Majors.

This course is designed for biology, pre-health, and life-science majors whose program requires a foundational knowledge of technical physics. The course prepares students for more advanced study or specific professional requirements in these areas. This is the second course in a two-semester sequence which surveys the fundamental principles of physics. The focus of this second course is on the topics of oscillations, light, electrical phenomena, neural signaling, medical imaging, nuclear decay and medical applications ‘of nuclear physics. Prerequisite: PHYS 1315 or PHYS 1335 with a grade of "C" or better. Corequisite: PHYS 1125 with a grade of “D” or better.

PHYS 1350. Astronomy: Stars and Galaxies.

This course examines the physical properties, formation, and evolution of stars, galaxies, and large-scale structures in the universe. Topics include stellar classification, nuclear processes in stars, stellar lifecycles, and remnants such as white dwarfs, neutron stars, and black holes. The course also surveys the structure and classification of galaxies, galactic dynamics, dark matter evidence, and cosmological observations. Emphasis is placed on applying physical principles to astronomical observations and interpreting data from modern instruments. Students engage with quantitative reasoning and scientific models to understand the organization and history of the observable universe.

PHYS 1365. Physics for Educators.

This course is a studio-style introduction to foundational concepts in physics through active exploration and discussion of physical phenomena. Topics include force and motion, light, sound, waves, electricity, magnetism, energy, and conservation laws. Students examine applications of physics concepts in everyday contexts and analyze how these principles are represented in real-world situations. The course also explores research-based approaches to learning and teaching physics for children in grades K–8, with attention to instructional strategies that support conceptual understanding.

PHYS 2125. Mechanics Laboratory.

This course introduces experimental methods in the study of motion, forces, energy, momentum, and related topics in mechanics. It is designed to accompany PHYS 2325. The course includes investigation of principles of introductory classical mechanics through problem-solving and laboratory-based activities. Emphasis is placed on describing, explaining, and predicting physical phenomena through analysis of motion and measurement of physical quantities such as force and energy transfer. Corequisite: PHYS 2325 with a grade of "D" or better.

PHYS 2126. Electricity and Magnetism Laboratory.

This course introduces experimental methods in the study of electric charges, electric and magnetic fields, electric circuits, magnetic materials, and electromagnetic induction. Emphasis is placed on experimental design, measurement techniques, uncertainty analysis, and comparison of experimental results with theoretical models from calculus-based physics. The course includes data collection, graphical analysis, and technical communication through formal laboratory reports. It supports concurrent or prior study of electricity and magnetism in lecture format and reinforces scientific reasoning, quantitative analysis, and laboratory practices used in physics and engineering disciplines. This laboratory course is designed to accompany PHYS 2326. Prerequisite: MATH 2471 and PHYS 2125 and PHYS 2325 with grades of "C" or better. Corequisite: MATH 2472 and PHYS 2326 with grades of "D" or better.

PHYS 2135. Waves and Heat Laboratory.

This course introduces experimental methods in the study of thermodynamics, oscillations, waves, physical optics, and geometric optics. Topics include calorimetry, ideal gases, heat engines, simple harmonic motion, wave propagation, standing waves, interference, diffraction, and reflection. The course emphasizes measurement techniques, data analysis, and interpretation of physical systems through laboratory-based activities. This laboratory course is designed to accompany PHYS 2335. Corequisite: PHYS 2335 with a grade of "D" or better.

PHYS 2150. Professional Development for Beginning Physicists.

This course introduces physics majors to professional career pathways available to physics graduates within academic, public, and private sectors. Students evaluate criteria and requirements for competitive scholarships, as well as internal and external research opportunities. In this course, students review professional communication expectations, focusing on written communication, identifying skills, the construction of technical resumes, and expectations for interviews. Upon completion of this course, students will have a comprehensive understanding of professional opportunities in physics and the ability to evaluate their own technical competencies. Prerequisite: PHYS 2326 and PHYS 2126 and PHYS 2335 and PHYS 2135 all with grades of "D" or better.

PHYS 2230. Introduction to Computational Modeling for Physics.

This course introduces computational concepts and tools used in physics for data analysis, simulation, modeling, and visualization. Python and its associated libraries are emphasized. The course includes numerical methods, algorithmic thinking, data visualization, and programming practices relevant to physics applications. Emphasis is placed on applying computational approaches to analyze physical systems and support understanding of physics concepts through simulation. Prerequisite: PHYS 2325 and PHYS 2125 with grades of "C" or better. Corequisite: [PHYS 2326 and PHYS 2126] or [PHYS 2335 and PHYS 2135] with grades of "C" or better.

PHYS 2325. Mechanics.

This course examines the principles of introductory classical mechanics through problem-solving and interactive instruction. The course focuses on describing, explaining, and predicting physical phenomena observed in the natural world. Students analyze evidence from an object’s motion to make inferences about abstract physical quantities, including forces and energy transfer. The course also examines physical situations that require the introduction of advanced concepts such as torque and angular momentum. Corequisite: MATH 2471 with a grade of "C" or better and PHYS 2125 with a grade of "D" or better.

PHYS 2326. Electricity and Magnetism.

This course examines the principles of classical electricity and magnetism through problem-solving and research-validated interactive instruction. Students apply the Lorentz force law to describe the motion of charged particles in magnetic fields. The course analyzes charge interactions that give rise to electric potential and electric fields, as well as the relationship between electric currents and magnetic fields. Prerequisite: PHYS 2325 and [MATH 2472 or MATH 2473] with grades of "C" or better. Corequisite: PHYS 2126 with a grade of "D" or better.

PHYS 2335. Waves and Heat.

This course covers topics in fluids, thermodynamics, oscillations, waves, and optics. Fluids topics include pressure variation and buoyancy. Thermodynamics topics include calorimetry, ideal gases, and heat engines. Oscillations include simple harmonic motion, while wave topics include standing waves and waves on strings. Physical optics includes interference and diffraction, and geometric optics includes reflection, refraction, and total internal reflection. Emphasis is placed on conceptual understanding and quantitative problem solving in the study of physical systems. Prerequisite: PHYS 2325 with a grade of "C" or better. Corequisite: [MATH 2472 or MATH 2473] with a grade of "C" or better and PHYS 2135 with a grade of "D" or better.

PHYS 3210. Physics Cognition and Pedagogy.

This course provides an introduction to pedagogical ideas relevant to the teaching and learning of physics in undergraduate settings. Students learn key education theories and methods from STEM education research and cognitive science. Students analyze instructional approaches based on empirical studies and evaluate factors that influence student engagement and achievement in STEM classrooms. Students apply course learning to the teaching of physics as they collaborate with physics faculty as Learning Assistants for an undergraduate physics course and complete a final project. Prerequisite: Instructor approval.

PHYS 3301. Musical Acoustics.

This course examines the physics of sound and acoustic measurement. Students analyze issues related to pitch perception, tuning, physical models of the human ear and voice, and physics of brass, string, woodwind and percussion instruments. Students analyze simple harmonic motion, superposition and interference of waves, standing waves, reflection and transmission at boundaries between media, including issues of acoustic impedance. Students develop a conceptual account of resonance as it applies to various instruments and acoustic spaces. Students examine mathematical issues like Fourier decomposition and impulse response at a conceptual level. Prerequisite: PHYS 1325 and PHYS 1125 with grades of "C" or better.

PHYS 3311. Classical Mechanics.

This course develops a rigorous theoretical framework for classical mechanics using vector calculus and differential equations. Topics include Newtonian mechanics, motion in one and three dimensions, systems of particles, conservation laws, oscillatory motion, non‑inertial reference frames, and an introduction to variational principles. Lagrangian and Hamiltonian formulations are presented to unify mechanical systems and prepare students for advanced study in physics and related fields. Emphasis is placed on mathematical modeling, analytical problem solving, and the interpretation of physical systems through formal theory. Applications are drawn from idealized physical systems to illustrate general principles rather than prescriptive real‑world policies. Prerequisite: PHYS 2335 and PHYS 2135 with grades of "C" or better. Corequisite: PHYS 3320 with a grade of "C" or better.

PHYS 3312. Modern Physics.

This course introduces the conceptual and mathematical foundations of modern physics, focusing on phenomena beyond the scope of classical mechanics. Topics include special relativity, the particle and wave nature of light and matter, the Schrödinger equation and bound quantum states, atomic structure, and an introduction to nuclear physics. Students develop quantitative problem-solving skills and conceptual understanding through applications to blackbody radiation, the photoelectric and Compton effects, diffraction, potential wells, and nuclear reactions. The course also examines historical, societal, and ethical dimensions of modern physics discoveries and their technological impact. Prerequisite: PHYS 2335 and PHYS 2135 with grades of "C" or better.

PHYS 3313. Astrophysics.

This course investigates the physical principles governing stellar astrophysics, from the physics of light and gravity to the evolution of stars. Topics include celestial mechanics, telescope design and observational techniques, radiation processes, stellar structure and evolution, star formation, and stellar remnants. Students apply analytical and mathematical tools to examine how physical laws (such as radiative transfer and nuclear fusion) shape observable stellar phenomena. Coursework emphasizes quantitative problem-solving and the interpretation of astrophysical data using methods from classical and modern physics. Corequisite: PHYS 3312 with a grade of "D" or better.

PHYS 3315. Thermodynamics.

This course is a fundamental study of thermodynamics and statistical mechanics. Key topics include temperature, the ideal gas law, the equipartition theorem, heat and work for isobaric, isochoric, isothermal, and adiabatic processes, heat capacity, latent heat, enthalpy, thermal expansion, mass-rate balance, entropy from a statistical perspective, thermodynamic equilibrium, heat engines and refrigerators, thermodynamic potentials, Maxwell’s relations, free energy, and phase transitions in pure substances and mixtures. The course includes use of computational software such as COMSOL for analysis of heat transfer. This course does not earn graduate degree credit. Prerequisite: MATH 3323 and [(PHYS 2335 and PHYS 2135) or (ENGR 2300 and PHYS 2326 and PHYS 2126)] with grades of "D" or better.

PHYS 3318. Galactic and Extragalactic Astrophysics.

This course explores the physical properties, formation, and evolution of galaxies. Topics include galaxy morphology and classification; stellar populations and the interstellar medium; galactic dynamics; spiral structure and bars; elliptical, irregular, and dwarf galaxies; interactions and mergers; active galactic nuclei and supermassive black holes; and the role of environment in galaxy evolution. Observational techniques across the electromagnetic spectrum and theoretical frameworks used to interpret survey data are examined, including recent developments associated with space-based observations. The course includes analysis of astronomical data to investigate galaxy formation and evolution within the large-scale structure of the universe. Prerequisite: PHYS 3313 with a grade of "D" or better.

PHYS 3320. Introduction to Mathematical Physics.

This course is an introduction to the mathematical methods of theoretical physics with emphasis on development of mathematical tools used in upper division core physics courses. Students analyze multiple mathematical models for oscillatory motion, series approximations of functions and their physical analogs in an electrostatic context, applications of complex-valued functions including damping and resonance, matrix algebra in the context of normal modes of oscillation, and Fourier series. Students develop their ability to communicate mathematical ideas in the context of physics. Prerequisite: MATH 2393 and PHYS 2326 and PHYS 2126 all with grades of "C" or better. Corequisite: MATH 3323 with a grade of "C" or better.

PHYS 3411. Advanced Physics Laboratory.

This course investigates experimental physics through the lens of instrumentation design and laboratory automation. Students design and construct autonomous, microcontroller-driven systems (such as satellite payload, self-driving rovers and vacuum systems) applying embedded programming, sensor integration, and systems-level thinking to solve open-ended experimental challenges. Students evaluate design choices through iterative testing and document their work in formats standard to professional physics practice, including design review presentations, laboratory reports, and research posters. The course emphasizes technical rigor, independent problem solving, and scientific communication. (WI) Prerequisites: PHYS 2326 and PHYS 2126 with grades of "C" or better. Corequisites: PHYS 2335 and PHYS 2135 with grades of "C" or better.

PHYS 3416. Applied Electronics.

This course combines lecture and laboratory components to examine methods for designing and modeling basic electronic circuits using resistors, inductors, capacitors, diodes, transistors, and operational amplifiers. Additional topics may include power electronics, high-voltage engineering, signal detection and feedback, analog sensors, motors, mechatronics and robotics, and digital circuits involving logic gates and binary systems. Circuit behavior is modeled using SPICE, and semiconductor device fabrication and characterization methods are examined. Prerequisites: PHYS 2326 and PHYS 2126 and PHYS 2335 and PHYS 2135 with grades of "C" or better.

PHYS 3417. Optics.

This course is a one-semester survey of geometrical and physical optics accompanied by laboratory experience. Students examine the ray, wave, and particle models of light from historical, mathematical, experimental, color-theoretical, and computational perspectives. Students analyze the wave model in both abstract and specifically electromagnetic field terms. Students apply these models of light to apertures, obstructions, lenses, mirrors, human vision, scattering, and phenomena involving interference, diffraction, refraction, polarization, birefringence, thin films, thermal radiation, atomic spectroscopy, holography, and photolithography. Prerequisites: PHYS 2326 and PHYS 2126 and PHYS 2335 and PHYS 2135 with grades of "C" or better.

PHYS 3418. Methods in Observational Astrophysics.

This course introduces the physical principles, instrumentation, and analytical methods used in modern observational astrophysics. Topics include telescopes, instruments, photometry, spectroscopy, observational techniques, noise and uncertainty analysis, and modern observational research topics. Students examine how astronomical data are acquired, reduced, and interpreted to infer physical properties of astrophysical systems. Laboratory exercises and projects emphasize hands‑on experience with data analysis, astronomical tools, and observational datasets. The course prepares students to critically evaluate observational results in the astrophysical literature and to develop basic observing strategies and studies consistent with scientific objectives and constraints from available data and instruments. Prerequisite: PHYS 2326 and PHYS 2126 and PHYS 2335 and PHYS 2135 with grades "C" or better.

PHYS 4121. Undergraduate Research.

This course provides an opportunity for the student to work closely with a faculty member on a research project. The specific project is chosen to align with the interests of both the faculty member and the student. Activities may include working in a laboratory, data analysis, literature searches, and working with other students or post-doctoral scholars. Participation in research can provide students with opportunities to present results at regional or national conferences, and to be co-authors on peer reviewed publications. Prerequisite: Instructor approval.

PHYS 4221. Undergraduate Research.

This course involves supervised research conducted in collaboration with a faculty member. The course includes activities such as laboratory work, data analysis, literature review, and participation in research groups. Research topics vary based on faculty expertise and available projects. Emphasis is placed on application of scientific methods, analysis of results, and engagement with scholarly literature. Documentation and communication of research findings may be included. Prerequisite: Instructor approval.

PHYS 4305. Statistical Physics.

This course examines how microscopic particle dynamics give rise to macroscopic thermodynamic phenomena such as temperature, diffusion, and black-body radiation. Topics include stellar equilibria, semiconductors, entropy, and thermodynamic irreversibility. Emphasis is placed on connections between particle models and macroscopic behavior, including energy conservation, kinetic theory, and statistical descriptions of physical systems. The course includes analysis of simplifying assumptions, modeling approaches, and estimation techniques used in statistical physics. Prerequisite: MATH 3323 and PHYS 3312 and PHYS 3320 with grades of "C" or better.

PHYS 4310. Electromagnetic Field Theory I.

This course is an introduction to electromagnetic field theory for static fields. The course includes analytical methods such as direct integration, superposition, Gauss’s law, multipole expansion, the method of images, separation of variables, and Ampère’s law. It also includes computational approaches using Python and COMSOL Multiphysics for solving non-analytical problems. Topics include electrostatic fields, polarization and dielectrics, electrostatic energy, capacitance, magnetic fields of steady currents, and magnetic properties of matter. Prerequisite: [MATH 2393 or MATH 3373] and MATH 3323 and PHYS 3320 with grades of "C" or better.

PHYS 4311. Condensed Matter Physics.

This course introduces the student to fundamental ideas involved in the study of solid materials. Topics include crystal lattices; crystal structures including fundamental crystal types such as simple cubic, body centered cubic, face centered cubic, and diamond; x-ray diffraction including Bragg's Law, form factor, and structure factor; crystal bonding; lattice vibrations, including the contributions of lattice vibration to thermal properties; energy band structure, and semiconductors. Students will learn via interactive classroom activities, individual homework assignments, computational modeling, and presentations. Prerequisite: PHYS 3312 and PHYS 3320 with grades of "C" or better.

PHYS 4312. Quantum Mechanics I.

This course introduces fundamental principles of quantum mechanics. Topics include mathematical foundations, core postulates, operators, eigenvalues and eigenfunctions, time evolution, and one-dimensional quantum systems. Additional topics may include measurement theory, expectation values, and uncertainty relations. Emphasis is placed on analytical methods, mathematical formalism, and interpretation of quantum phenomena. The course includes application of quantum concepts to physical systems and development of problem-solving approaches relevant to modern physics. Prerequisite: PHYS 3312 PHYS 3320 both with grades of "C" or better.

PHYS 4315. Electromagnetic Field Theory II.

This course examines classical electromagnetic field theory for time-varying systems. The course includes electromagnetic induction, dynamic electric and magnetic fields, Maxwell’s equations, and conservation and transfer of electromagnetic energy. It addresses propagation of electromagnetic waves, radiation phenomena, and selected advanced topics involving field interactions in complex materials. Emphasis is placed on derivation, solution, and interpretation of Maxwell’s equations in differential and integral form, with connections to analytical, experimental, and computational methods in electromagnetism. Prerequisite: PHYS 4310 with a grade of "C" or better.

PHYS 4320. Selected Study in Physics.

This course provides students the opportunity to work with a faculty member to study a topic that is not part of the normal physics curriculum. The breadth and depth of topics are decided via discussion between the student and faculty member. Topics chosen can cover a wide range, including more in depth studies of courses the student has completed, and topics that are new to the student. This course can be repeated for credit with a different topic and instructor. Prerequisite: Instructor approval.

PHYS 4321. Undergraduate Research.

This course involves supervised research conducted in collaboration with a faculty member. The course includes activities such as laboratory work, data collection and analysis, literature review, and participation in research groups. Research topics vary based on faculty expertise and available projects. Emphasis is placed on application of scientific methods, interpretation of results, and engagement with scholarly literature. The course may also include preparation of written or oral reports to communicate research findings. Prerequisite: Instructor approval.

PHYS 4330. Relativity.

This course is the study of how the laws of physics appear to observers in different reference frames and the implications for the structure of space-time. This course includes a review of special relativity, an introduction to the mathematics of tensor calculus and differential geometry, and an analysis of how gravity emerges from the curvature of space-time. Specific topics include Lorentz transforms, mass-energy equivalence, Schwarzschild geometry, black holes, tests of general relativity, cosmological models, gravitational waves, and the Einstein equation. We will continue to emphasize the fundamental ideas developed throughout the introductory and intermediate courses, including mass-energy conservation, causality, and orbital dynamics. We will also continue to develop scientific modes of thinking, including building models and generating simplifying assumptions, approximations and estimations. Prerequisite: PHYS 3312 and PHYS 3320 with a grade of "C" or better. Corequisite: PHYS 3311 with a grade of "C" or better.

PHYS 4338. Astronomical Spectroscopy.

This course introduces astronomical spectroscopy as a fundamental technique in astrophysics. Emphasis is placed on molecular spectroscopy and its applications to the study of physical and chemical environments in space. Topics include the development of spectroscopy in astrophysics, theory of atomic and molecular spectra, spectroscopic analysis of astrophysical systems, design and function of spectrographs, and data reduction from observational datasets. The course includes analysis of spectroscopic data and interpretation of results in astrophysical contexts, along with preparation of written and oral reports. Prerequisite: PHYS 3313 with a grade "B" or better.

PHYS 4345. Biophysics.

This course involves the application of fundamental principles of physics to study the behavior and functionality of living organisms. This course will emphasize fundamental ideas developed throughout the introductory sequence such as Newton's Laws and energy conservation and will build onto these an examination of fluids, structures, diffusion, probability statistics, stochastic processes, and systems modeling. We will continue to emphasize scientific modes of thinking, including building and testing models, generating simplifying assumptions, approximations, and estimations, and analyzing real-world data. Prerequisite: PHYS 3320 and PHYS 2230 and PHYS 2335 and PHYS 2135 with grades of "C" or better.

PHYS 4350G. Nuclear and Particle Physics.

This course covers theoretical, phenomenological, and experimental foundations of nuclear and particle physics, including fundamental forces, particles, and composite systems. Topics include nuclear structure (masses and sizes), nuclear interactions (alpha, beta, and gamma decay), fission and fusion, and elementary particles such as quarks and leptons. Additional topics include aspects of the Standard Model, including electroweak interactions, quantum chromodynamics, and nuclear astrophysics such as nucleosynthesis. Emphasis is placed on understanding interactions and processes governing matter at microscopic scales. Prerequisite: PHYS 2326 and PHYS 2126 and PHYS 3312 with grades of "C" or better.

PHYS 4350H. Optical Materials and Characterization Methods.

This course introduces optical properties of solids, including electronic and vibrational transitions in inorganic and organic thin films and multilayers. The interaction of electromagnetic waves with solids is examined in terms of dielectric constants and complex refractive indices. Topics include optical characterization methods such as Raman spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, photoluminescence, UV/visible spectroscopy, ellipsometry, and X-ray fluorescence. Emphasis is placed on measurement techniques and interpretation of optical spectra in relation to material properties.

PHYS 4360. Physics Cognition and Pedagogy II.

This course examines historical, philosophical, and cognitive perspectives on the learning, teaching, and discovery of physics, including results from contemporary research on learning, especially those studies that investigate the learning of physics specifically. Students examine pedagogical issues across various topics in introductory physics, including force, work, energy, linear and angular momentum, electrostatics and electric circuits, heat and temperature, light, sound, and modern physics. Students analyze pedagogical resources including animations, simulations, explanatory videos, curriculum frameworks and commonly used assessment tools. It is recommended for students pursuing teacher certification. Prerequisite: PHYS 3210 with a grade of "C" or better.