Department of Biology

BIO 1130. Functional Biology Laboratory.

This course introduces students to fundamental laboratory techniques and instruments used in biological research through structured, hands-on investigations. Students examine biological processes like enzyme activity, fermentation, cell division, and membrane transport while emphasizing laboratory safety, accurate measurement, and experimental design. The course employs guided inquiry, data collection, and quantitative analysis using graphical and basic statistical methods. Students interpret results in relation to testable hypotheses and established biological concepts. Through written reports and scientific posters, students develop professional scientific communication skills and prepare for advanced coursework and research experiences. Corequisite: BIO 1330 with a grade of "D" or better.

BIO 1131. Organismal Biology Laboratory.

This course introduces students to the basics of scientific method and inquiry through experimental design, use of statistical analyses to analyze data, and scientific communication in the context of organismal and population biology. Topics covered include Mendelian and population genetics, natural selection, community ecology, population ecology, phylogeny, and behavioral ecology. Experimental design and collaborative investigation are used to examine biological questions. Students complete data analyses and convey experimental results through scientific writing as well as graphic and oral presentation. Corequisite: BIO 1331 with a grade of “D” or better.

BIO 1320. Modern Biology - Molecules, Cells, and Physiology.

This course provides non-science majors with a broad overview of fundamental scientific and biological principles. Topics include basic chemistry, cell structure and function, important cellular processes, inheritance patterns, and an introduction to human physiology. Students examine how these principles operate across living systems and explore their analytical applications in contemporary biotechnology and medicine. This foundational knowledge supports biological literacy in an increasingly complex world. This course is not credited toward a biology degree.

BIO 1321. Ecology, Evolution, and Society.

This course introduces non-science majors to fundamental principles of biology, including the scientific method, evolution, biological diversity, and ecology. Students explore natural selection, speciation, systematics, and ecological relationships across multiple levels of biological organization. Emphasis is placed on human impacts on biodiversity and ecosystems, including climate change and conservation. Integrated laboratory activities reinforce lecture concepts and build scientific skills. Upon completion, students will demonstrate an understanding of evolution, the diversity of life, and ecological systems, and will apply these concepts to evaluate scientific claims critically. The course is not recommended for natural science majors, including biology.

BIO 1330. Functional Biology.

This course examines core cellular and molecular processes essential to modern biology. Students analyze cell structure and transport; molecular mechanisms of the central dogma (transcription, translation, and gene regulation); protein structure and enzyme function; energy metabolism (cellular respiration and photosynthesis); and cell cycle control. Through problem-solving and data-driven reasoning, students develop skills in scientific analysis and apply cellular concepts to biological contexts, including human disease and organismal diversity. This course is intended for biology majors. Prerequisite: College Readiness in English Language Arts and Reading (ELAR) according to the TSI regulations.

BIO 1331. Organismal Biology.

This course introduces science majors to core concepts in organismal biology, including inheritance patterns and genetic principles, evolutionary theory and phylogenetic relationships, and ecological systems. Students examine the mechanisms of inheritance, evolution, and speciation by analyzing patterns in living organisms and ecosystems across multiple scales. Students apply quantitative reasoning to understand how organisms adapt, diversify, and interact within their environments. Accordingly, students analyze biological diversity and the processes that generate and maintain it. Prerequisite: College Readiness in English Language Arts and Reading (ELAR) according to the TSI regulations and College Readiness in Mathematics according to the TSI regulations.

BIO 2116. Genetics Lab.

This course provides students with hands‑on laboratory experience designed to reinforce fundamental concepts in genetics, including Mendelian inheritance, cell division, population genetics, and quantitative genetics. Students apply experimental approaches to genetic analysis while developing practical skills in basic molecular biology techniques such as DNA isolation, gel electrophoresis, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification, and DNA sequencing. Laboratory activities emphasize data collection, interpretation, and evaluation of experimental results. Through guided experiments, students explore how molecular techniques are used to investigate genetic variation and support organismal identification within a scientific framework. The course supports the integration of theoretical genetics concepts with experimental practice. Prerequisite: BIO 1130 and BIO 1330 and BIO 1131 and BIO 1331 and CHEM 1141 and CHEM 1341 and CHEM 1142 and CHEM 1342 with grades of "C" or better. Corequisite: BIO 2316 with a grade of "C" or better.

BIO 2316. Genetics.

This course introduces students to fundamental principles of genetics, including Mendelian, molecular, quantitative, and population genetics. Topics include classical transmission genetics, linkage mapping, DNA replication and repair, transcription and translation, regulation of gene expression, epigenetic mechanisms, genetic engineering techniques, and principles of population genetics such as Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. The course also examines evolutionary mechanisms underlying genetic and phenotypic change and applications of genetics in biotechnology. Emphasis is placed on understanding genetic processes, interpreting experimental data, and evaluating contemporary genetic research within a scientific framework appropriate for advanced study in the biological sciences. Prerequisite: BIO 1130 and BIO 1330 and BIO 1131 and BIO 1331 and CHEM 1342 with grades of “C” or better.

BIO 2400. Microbiology.

This course provides students majoring in science a strong background necessary to understand the basic concepts in Microbiology with a focus on bacteria. The course covers principles of microbiology, morphology, anatomy, physiology, microbial genetics, and control of microbial growth. We will also briefly discuss viruses, mammalian immune mechanisms and immune disorders, and pathogenesis related to microbiological infections. The laboratory component of the course builds essential skills in microbiological techniques. Students will analyze microbial structure-function relationships, evaluate mechanisms of gene expression, regulation, genetic variation, and metabolic diversity, and apply principles of host–microbe interactions to infectious disease contexts. Prerequisites: BIO 1130 and BIO 1131 and BIO 1330 and BIO 1331 and CHEM 1341 with grades of “C” or better.

BIO 2410. Intermediate General Botany.

This course provides a comprehensive introduction to botany, covering plant structure, function, reproduction, life cycles, and biodiversity. Students will explore plant anatomy, physiology, genetics, and evolution, while focusing on plants’ critical roles in ecosystems, human life and applications in agriculture and biotechnology. Through lectures and lab work, the course emphasizes key cellular processes like photosynthesis, transpiration and vascular transport, while fostering scientific inquiry and critical thinking for advanced studies in plant sciences and related disciplines. Prerequisites: BIO 1130 and BIO 1131 and BIO 1330 and BIO 1331 all with grades of “C” or better.

BIO 2411. Intermediate Zoology.

This course surveys the animal kingdom with an emphasis on diversity, evolutionary relationships, functional adaptations, and environmental interactions. Content includes animal form and function, classification, phylogeny, natural history, biogeography, and major taxonomic groups presented in phylogenetic sequence. Students examine comparative anatomical and ecological data through lectures and laboratory investigations. Upon completion, students will be able to analyze evolutionary patterns, compare structural and functional traits among taxa, and evaluate relationships between animal adaptations and environmental conditions. Prerequisites: BIO 1130 and BIO 1131 and BIO 1330 and BIO 1331 with grades of “C” or better.

BIO 2430. Human Physiology and Anatomy.

This course will introduce students to the structure and function of the human body through an integrated study of anatomy and physiology. Emphasizing the connection between form and function, it examines major organ systems, homeostatic regulation, and the coordinated processes that sustain life. Students engage in lectures, discussions, and hands‑on laboratory activities that reinforce foundational concepts essential for health‑related fields, including cellular physiology, tissue organization, and system‑level interactions. By building a strong scientific framework, the course prepares students for advanced study in biology, healthcare, and allied health professions.

BIO 2440. Principles of Microbiology.

This course provides students with foundational knowledge of microorganisms, their structure, physiology, and relevance to human populations. It covers microbial diversity, mechanisms of growth and control, microbial interactions with hosts, pathogenicity, and an introduction to clinical microbiology. Through integrated lecture and laboratory experiences, students will perform microscopy, staining, aseptic technique, culture methods, and quantitative assays. By course end, students will analyze microbial data, apply laboratory safety and aseptic procedures, and interpret results to identify and characterize common bacteria and their roles in health and disease. Prerequisites: BIO 1330 and CHEM 1341 with grades of "D" or better.

BIO 2450. Genetics.

An introduction to basic principles of Genetics by studies of Mendelian, molecular, quantitative and population genetics. Topics include: classical transmission genetics, and gene mapping, DNA replication and repair, transcription, translation, control of gene expression, genetic engineering techniques, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, evolutionary change via natural selection, and genetic drift. Prerequisites: BIO 1130 and BIO 1131 and BIO 1330 and BIO 1331 and CHEM 1141 and CHEM 1142 and CHEM 1341 and CHEM 1342 all with grades of “C” or better.

BIO 2451. Human Anatomy and Physiology I.

This course is the first in a two-semester sequence in human anatomy and physiology designed to satisfy the 8-credit-hour Human Anatomy and Physiology requirement for admission to nursing and other health profession programs. Students gain proficiency via scaffolded learning outcomes, collaborative team-based laboratory work, and experiential exercises that reinforce core concepts across learning modalities. By the end of the course, students use appropriate terminology to describe the organization, structure, and function of the human body and to explain the anatomy and physiology of the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems. Prerequisite: BIO 1330 and CHEM 1341 with grades of “C” or better.

BIO 2452. Human Anatomy and Physiology II.

This course is the second in a two-semester sequence in human anatomy and physiology designed to satisfy the 8-credit-hour Human Anatomy and Physiology requirement for admission to nursing and other health profession programs. Students gain proficiency via scaffolded learning outcomes, collaborative team-based laboratory work, and experiential exercises that reinforce core concepts across learning modalities. By the end of the course, students use appropriate terminology to describe the organization, structure, and function of the human body with particular emphasis on the endocrine, cardiovascular, immune, pulmonary, digestive, renal, and reproductive systems. Prerequisites: BIO 2451 with a grade of “C” or better.

BIO 3210. Biology Pedagogy and Learning.

This course provides an introduction to pedagogical ideas relevant to the teaching and learning of biology in undergraduate settings. Students learn key education theories and methods from STEM education research and cognitive science. Students analyze instructional approaches based on empirical studies and evaluate factors that influence student engagement and achievement in STEM classrooms. Students apply course lessons to the teaching of biology as they collaborate with biology faculty as learning assistants for an undergraduate biology course and complete a final project. Prerequisite: Instructor approval.

BIO 3300. Cell and Molecular Biology.

This course provides a comprehensive overview of cell and molecular biology, focusing on the structure and function of cells, biomolecules, and genetic systems. It examines topics such as cellular chemistry, energy metabolism, protein structure and function, DNA replication and repair, and gene expression. Students also are exposed to molecular techniques such as PCR and cloning, membrane dynamics, and cellular energy processes. Instruction integrates lectures, problem-based activities, and assessment. Students describe core cellular processes and analyze molecular mechanisms underlying biological systems. Prerequisites: BIO 2450 or BIO 2316 with a grade of “C” or better.

BIO 3301. Biology of Sex and Reproduction.

This course examines the biology of sex and reproduction with an emphasis on vertebrates, integrating perspectives from evolutionary biology, genetics, anatomy, physiology, and behavioral ecology. Topics include the evolution of sexual reproduction, sex determination and differentiation, reproductive anatomy and endocrinology, reproductive cycling, fertilization, gestation, and parturition. The course also addresses reproductive technologies, sexually transmitted infections, and endocrine disruption. Students will examine mating systems and reproductive strategies across vertebrate taxa, connecting evolutionary and ecological frameworks to human reproductive biology. Prerequisite: [BIO 2450 or BIO 2316] with a grade of "C" or better.

BIO 3307. Global Biogeography: Patterns, Processes, and Conservation.

This course examines the spatial distribution of life on Earth and the ecological, climatic, and geological factors that shape patterns of biodiversity across biogeographical regions. Students explore historical and contemporary processes influencing species distributions, including speciation, extinction, dispersal, and island biogeography, as well as continental-scale biodiversity patterns. The course also considers how human activities influence global biodiversity and the relevance of biogeographical principles for conservation planning. Through analysis of case studies, species distribution models, and current scientific research, students develop the ability to interpret biogeographical patterns and evaluate factors shaping species distributions in a changing world. Prerequisite: BIO 1330 and BIO 1331 with grades of “C” or better.

BIO 3308. Global Ecology.

This course examines global environmental change using an Earth system science perspective, with emphasis on climate patterns, ecosystem responses, and biodiversity loss. Students explore the scientific foundations of environmental change and the interactions among climate, ecological systems, and human societies, including how different communities experience environmental challenges. Through analysis of scientific reports, case studies, and interdisciplinary readings, students evaluate environmental issues and potential responses at regional and global scales. By the end of the course, students will be able to interpret scientific evidence and assess strategies for addressing contemporary environmental challenges. Prerequisite: BIO 1130 and BIO 1131 and BIO 1330 and BIO 1331 with grades of “C” or better.

BIO 3332. R for Biologists.

This course broadly introduces the scientific programming language R for statistical computing. The course will focus on the programming aspects of R using the RStudio interactive development environment. Topics include fundamentals, such as accessing the RStudio environment, inputting and exporting data, visualizing data, declaring variables, and automating code with loops and functions. The course will consist of lectures on various aspects of scientific programming followed by an interactive R programming session. By the end of the course, students will be comfortable and proficient in scientific programming in R. Prerequisite: [BIO 2450 or BIO 2316] with a grade of “C” or better.

BIO 3341. Aquatic Toxicology.

This course will introduce students to the fundamentals of aquatic toxicology, focusing on contaminant fate, bioavailability, uptake, and effects in freshwater and marine organisms and ecosystems. Toxicity testing methods, dose-response curves, and risk assessment will be examined. Students review a variety of contaminants, including trace elements, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), oil, pesticides, radionuclides, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), plastics, pharmaceuticals, illegal drugs, and personal care products and assess their impacts within freshwater and marine environments. Through a series of case studies, students critique historical environmental disasters and investigate current national and global regulatory frameworks. Prerequisite: BIO 1331 and CHEM 1341 with grades of “C” or better.

BIO 3361. Introduction to Applied Bioinformatics.

This course provides an introduction to scripting and other computational techniques used for visualizing and analyzing biological data. Students will develop practical skills spanning command-line operations, scripting and automation, bioinformatic databases and methods, data visualization in R, and the design and implementation of bioinformatics workflows in both local and remote computing environments. Students will work with industry-standard programming languages and bioinformatics tools to apply these methods to real-world biological datasets. By the end of the course, students will have gained a solid foundation in broadly applicable bioinformatics skills essential for research and data-driven discovery in the life sciences. Prerequisite: BIO 2450 or BIO 2316 with a grade of "C" or higher.

BIO 3371. Marine Resources.

This course examines the exploitation, management, and conservation of marine resources and the fragility of marine ecosystems. Topics include ocean governance, fisheries management, aquaculture, harvesting of marine mammals, marine transportation, tourism, pollution, energy development, climate change, and marine protected areas. Students explore how ecological, economic, and policy factors shape decisions about ocean resource use through scientific literature, case studies, and current global examples. Emphasis is placed on evaluating sustainability challenges and considering practical management approaches that balance human use with long-term ecosystem health. Prerequisite: BIO 1331 with a grade of “C” or better.

BIO 3376. Introduction to Biotechnology.

This course provides an overview of the principles and applications of biotechnology, focusing on how biological systems are engineered to address challenges in medicine, agriculture, and environmental systems. It examines recombinant DNA technology, genetic modification, medical and agricultural biotechnology, and ethical considerations associated with emerging technologies. Instruction includes readings, lectures, discussions, and assessments to support concept development. Students analyze biotechnological approaches, evaluate their applications, and assess ethical considerations associated with technological advances. Prerequisite: BIO 1330 and BIO 1331 with grades of "D" or better.

BIO 3406. Economic Botany.

This course will compare major taxonomic groups of plants to analyze historical and contemporary uses of plants by humans. Topics to be examined include phylogenetics, taxonomy, anatomy, morphology, physiology, and biochemistry. Students will assess contributions of scientists and innovators in technological advancement shaping botany. Students will engage in laboratory activities and a group project that will provide hands-on exploration of plant structure and function, enabling students to evaluate the economic and ecological significance of plants. Prerequisite: BIO 2450 or [BIO 2316 and BIO 2116] with a grade of “C” or better.

BIO 3421. Vertebrate Physiology.

This course provides a study of the function of vertebrate organ systems, including the nervous system, musculoskeletal system, endocrine system, cardiovascular system, respiratory system, digestive system, reproductive system and urinary system. Mammalian systems are emphasized; reptilian and piscine respiratory and osmoregulatory systems are covered as well. Students learn how systems interact with one another and normally function to maintain homeostasis. In lab, principles are reinforced, and students learn how to execute techniques, analyze and present results and design and carryout their own experiments. Prerequisite: BIO 2450 or BIO 2316 with a grade of "C" or better.

BIO 3425. Human Anatomy.

This course introduces students to the macro- (gross) and microanatomy of the human body. Through both lecture and lab experiences, students explore aspects of subcellular structures, cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems, with a focus on the connectivity between anatomical structures and the important relationship between form and function. In the laboratory, students engage in hands-on exploration using tools such as preserved specimens, diagrams, 3-D models, videos, and computer simulations. Students analyze how anatomical features are organized across levels of biological structure and evaluate relationships between form and function in the human body. Prerequisite: BIO 1330 and BIO 1130 and BIO 1331 and BIO 1131 and CHEM 1341 and CHEM 1141 and CHEM 1342 and CHEM 1142 with grades of "C" or better.

BIO 3426. Human Physiology.

This course focuses on exploring how the human body functions correctly to maintain homeostasis and health. Body function will be examined from the sub-cellular to the organismal level. A systems base approach will be used to explore topics such as the nervous system, muscular system, endocrine system, cardiovascular system, respiratory system, digestive system, exocrine system, and reproductive system. Upon completion of this course students understand the function and interconnectivity of multiple organ systems in humans. Prerequisite: BIO 2450 or BIO 2316 with a grade of "C" or better.

BIO 3430. Mycology.

This course examines the biology of fungi, including their taxonomy, morphology, life cycles, and ecological roles. Major fungal groups and fungus-like organisms are emphasized with attention to ecology, biodiversity, and evolutionary relationships. Students explore the roles of fungi as decomposers, mutualists, and pathogens and their significance to ecosystems, plants, wildlife, domesticated animals and crops, and humans. The course emphasizes fungal diversity and classification while providing foundational knowledge relevant to organismal biology, ecology, microbiology, and environmental science. Prerequisites: [BIO 2400 or BIO 2410] and [BIO 2450 or (BIO 2316 and BIO 2116)] with grades of “C” or better.

BIO 3442. Virology.

This course examines the structure, replication, and genetics of bacterial and animal viruses, with emphasis on molecular mechanisms of infection and disease. Topics include viral structure and assembly, genome replication strategies, host–virus interactions, immune responses, vaccines and unconventional infectious agents such as prions. Through lectures, active learning activities and case studies, students will apply core virology principles to analyze viral replication cycles, compare major virus families, and evaluate mechanisms of viral pathogenesis and prevention. Prerequisites: BIO 2400 and [BIO 2450 or (BIO 2316 and BIO 2116)] with grades of “C” or better.

BIO 3460. Aquatic Ecology.

This course introduces the diversity and ecology of aquatic organisms and the ecological processes that shape freshwater ecosystems such as streams and lakes. It explores how aquatic organisms are adapted to their environments, what factors drive their distribution, and how human activities impact aquatic ecosystems. Through lectures, readings, field sampling, laboratory exercises, and a team-based research project, students learn to apply ecological concepts, design studies, and analyze data in real-world contexts. By the end of the course, students will be able to identify major groups of aquatic organisms, summarize and interpret scientific literature, analyze ecological data, and communicate findings effectively. Prerequisite: BIO 4416 with a grade of "C" or better.

BIO 3461. Plant Taxonomy.

This course introduces the basic methods and principles of biological systematics with an emphasis on the vascular plants. Lectures include discussions of the factors responsible for the diversity of the world’s flora, the history of classification, and the development of the modern system for classifying plants. Laboratories provide students with the knowledge and skills necessary for recognizing and making accurate identifications of the major groups of flowering plants with an emphasis on the central Texas flora. Prerequisite: BIO 2450 or BIO 2316 with a grade of “C” or better.

BIO 3480. Histology.

This course provides a study of the structural and functional relationships between cells and tissues in organs. Students examine the microscopic structure of tissues and organ systems, emphasizing the relationship between cellular organization and physiological function. Lectures cover methods of tissue preparation, fixation, and staining, including their biochemical foundations. The laboratory includes hands-on use of light microscopy to observe and interpret histological specimens. The course emphasizes analysis of structure–function relationships relevant to advanced study in the biological and health sciences. Prerequisite: BIO 1330 and CHEM 1342 with grades of “C” or better.

BIO 4126. Immunology Laboratory.

This course provides hands-on experience with fundamental immunological techniques used to investigate immune cells, antibodies, and serological interactions. Students perform and analyze experiments such as ELISA, immunoblotting, immunofluorescence, blood typing, and immunodiffusion while examining clinical and research applications of these methods. Emphasis is placed on experimental design, data interpretation, and proper laboratory technique. Through laboratory work, case studies, and primary literature analysis, students strengthen technical skills and scientific communication essential for careers in biomedical research and healthcare. Prerequisite: BIO 2400 and [BIO 2450 or (BIO 2316 and 2116)] with grades of "C" or better. Corequisite: BIO 4326 with a grade of "C" or better.

BIO 4166. Medical Microbiology Laboratory.

This course provides hands-on training in medical microbiology, focusing on the isolation, identification, and characterization of microorganisms associated with human disease. Students investigate topics such as disease transmission, antimicrobial activity, normal human microflora, and molecular diagnostic techniques through structured laboratory experiments and case-based activities. Students participate in laboratory sessions emphasizing aseptic techniques, data collection, analysis, and scientific communication. By the end of the course, students will be able to interpret experimental results, apply microbiological methods, and evaluate the role of microbes in health and disease in real-world contexts. Corequisites: BIO 4366 with a grade of a "C" or better.

BIO 4176. Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory.

This course provides an applied laboratory experience in microbial biotechnology, focusing on experimental approaches used to analyze and manipulate microbial systems. It examines techniques including PCR amplification, recombinant DNA methods, cloning, bacterial transformation, protein expression, and purification using electrophoresis and chromatography. Instruction emphasizes hands-on experimentation, data collection, and documentation through laboratory notebooks and collaborative case studies. Students perform molecular and microbiological techniques, interpret experimental results, and evaluate methodological approaches used to investigate microbial systems. Corequisite: BIO 4376 with a grade of "D" or better.

BIO 4299. Undergraduate Research.

This course entails individual research projects conducted under the supervision of a biology professor. Based on interactions across the expanse of investigations carried out in Biology, the experience at its heart entails discovery and documentation, employing techniques appropriate to the research question and bringing greater relevance to the coursework undertaken across disciplines in the pursuit of a bachelor's degree. Students typically find themselves in a research group and learn scientific communication in addition to research design and execution. Prerequisite: Minimum 3.0 Texas State GPA and instructor approval.

BIO 4300. Neurobiology.

This course gives students an overview of neurobiology, spanning from the cell and molecular to the system levels. Students will learn the principles underlying the function of neurons and will apply that knowledge throughout the course as they study sensory systems, motor systems and how the nervous system develops. Lectures emphasize the experimental advancements that led to the current understanding of neurobiology as well as the gaps that remain with the goal of promoting inquisitiveness and critical thinking. Prerequisite: [BIO 2450 or BIO 2316] with a grade of “C” or better.

BIO 4301. Evolution.

This course introduces the foundational principles of biological evolution, encompassing the history of evolutionary thought, population biology, mechanisms of evolution, micro- and macroevolution, speciation, and the history of life on Earth. Topics span from molecular-level processes to broad patterns across geological time, providing a comprehensive view of biodiversity and change. The history of evolutionary thought, population-level processes, and the mechanisms driving speciation are examined through primary literature, case studies, and data analysis. The course culminates in an integrated understanding of how micro- and macroevolutionary processes have shaped the history of life on Earth. Prerequisite: BIO 2450 or BIO 2316 with a grade of “C” or better.

BIO 4304. Wildlife and Recreation: Impact, Policy, and Management.

This course examines the ecological and social dimensions of wildlife recreation, including the impacts of tourism and outdoor activities on wildlife populations and habitats. Emphasis is placed on historical and contemporary management approaches used to balance conservation objectives with recreational access. Students analyze case studies and applied examples to evaluate how recreation influences wildlife systems and management decisions. Through structured problem-solving exercises, students develop the ability to assess recreation-related challenges and apply management principles in wildlife conservation contexts. Prerequisite: BIO 4416 with a grade of "C" or better.

BIO 4307. Ecology of Rarity.

This course examines ecological and evolutionary explanations for species rarity, emphasizing patterns, processes, and definitions used in contemporary biology. Topics include the species concept, speciation, extinction dynamics, biodiversity measurement, and ecological correlates of rarity across spatial and temporal scales. Students analyze empirical literature on rare taxa, including threatened, endemic, and rediscovered species, and evaluate how rarity influences conservation assessment and management. Scientific, philosophical, and policy perspectives are integrated to explore how rarity is defined, measured, and interpreted in ecological research. Emphasis is placed on critical analysis of primary literature, synthesis of biological data, and clear scientific communication. Prerequisite: BIO 4416 with a grade of "D" or better.

BIO 4308. Global Change Biology.

This course examines major, large-scale drivers of change in biological systems and their effects on ecosystem structure and function. Topics include variation in atmospheric and climatic conditions, invasive species, eutrophication, land use, and biodiversity patterns. Emphasis is placed on analysis of primary scientific literature and quantitative evaluation of ecological data to understand processes operating across spatial and temporal scales. Students develop skills in interpreting empirical studies, assessing model outputs, and synthesizing information to evaluate ecological responses to environmental variation. Prerequisite: BIO 2450 or BIO 2316 with a grade of "C" or better.

BIO 4311. Cancer Biology.

This course provides a foundation for understanding the complex molecular, biochemical, and cellular processes associated with cancer development. Topics include the role of tumor suppressor genes, oncogenes, DNA repair, apoptosis, the extracellular matrix, cell-cycle control, cell signaling pathways, immune function, and cancer-causing viruses. Emerging diagnostic and therapeutic approaches are also examined. The course emphasizes the molecular and cellular basis of cancer and the biological mechanisms underlying current diagnostic and treatment strategies. Prerequisite: BIO 2450 or BIO 2316 with a grade of "C" or better.

BIO 4312. Genomics.

This course provides a comprehensive introduction to the principles and applications of modern genomics. Core topics include genome structure and function, the human genome, comparative genomics, high-throughput sequencing technologies, and genomic evolution. Students examine the role of genomics in health and disease, with emphasis on cancer genomics and pharmacogenomics, as well as transcriptomics, proteomics, and bioinformatics. Ethical, legal, and social implications (ELSI) associated with genomic research and its emerging applications and innovation in medicine and science are also critically explored. Prerequisite: [BIO 2450 or (BIO 2316 and BIO 2116)] with a grade of "C" or better.

BIO 4317. Interpretive Biology Programming and Design.

This course will explore the principles and methods of interpretation and science communication used by the National Association for Interpretation, National Park Service, science museums, environmental centers, and state park systems to spark public interest and engagement in learning about natural environments and biology. This course will provide opportunities to practice biology communication skills in both personal and non-personal contexts by creating and leading science outreach programming, reading interpretive literature, and evaluating other interpretive media. Service-learning is an integral and mandatory part of this course. Prerequisite: [BIO 2410 or BIO 2411 or BIO 4327 or BIO 4374] with a grade of "D" or better.

BIO 4318. Wildlife Policy and Law.

This course examines the historical, legal, and institutional foundations of wildlife policy and law in North America, with emphasis on the United States and Texas. Students analyze federal treaties, statutes, case law, and regulatory frameworks that shape wildlife management and conservation practice. Using comparative and historical approaches, the course investigates how local, national, and international policy instruments structure decision‑making and governance in wildlife conservation. Emphasis is placed on developing skills in interpreting statutory language, regulatory guidance, and policy analyses within their legal and institutional contexts. The course is intended for students in wildlife biology and related programs seeking an analytical understanding of wildlife law and policy. Corequisite: BIO 4423 or BIO 4435 with a grade of "C" or better.

BIO 4319. Biological Resources: Conservation and Planning.

This course introduces the protection, management, planning, and sustainable use of populations, species, habitats, and ecosystems. Topics include methods for analyzing biodiversity, population regulation, sustainable harvest, and the design of nature reserves, as well as the historical development of conservation in the United States. Students examine conservation concepts through scientific literature, case studies, and applied examples. Emphasis is placed on analyzing strategies for protecting biological resources and evaluating planning approaches that support long-term ecosystem stability and resource sustainability. Corequisite: BIO 4416 with a grade of "D" or better.

BIO 4324. Natural History and Conservation of Large Mammals.

This course provides a comprehensive study of large mammals, including ecology, behavior, life history, distribution, and evolutionary relationships, with emphasis on sylvan species native to North America including both marine and terrestrial species. Content addresses distinctive anthropogenic factors influencing the management and conservation of this group of mammals, many of which are species of conservation concern. Instruction is delivered through lectures, analysis of scientific literature, and field based activities. Students examine reasons behind endangerment status, evaluate management practices, and apply conservation assessment techniques in scientific contexts.

BIO 4326. Immunology.

This course examines the cellular and molecular mechanisms of the immune system and its role in health and disease. Topics include innate and adaptive immunity, B and T cell activation and regulation, antigen processing and presentation, and immunological memory. Students examine immune-mediated diseases, hypersensitivities, autoimmunity, transplantation, and cancer immunology. By integrating molecular concepts with clinical case studies, the course highlights how immune function influences health, disease progression, and therapeutic strategies. Prerequisite: BIO 2400 and [BIO 2450 or BIO 2316] with grades of "C" or better.

BIO 4327. Issues in Irish Biodiversity and Conservation.

This course focuses on exploring issues related to Irish flora and fauna, ecosystems, conservation strategies in areas of high ecological concern, and public involvement in conservation. Emphasis is placed on working through case studies and interacting with practical examples of conservation projects as shared by local experts. The course will integrate historical events related to invasive species introductions, resource harvesting, and natural biological disasters as we discuss strategies for conserving and restoring biodiversity. It also draws comparisons to relevant practices in Texas. Prerequisite: Instructor Approval.

BIO 4328. Field Biology of Ireland.

This course focuses on building field biology research skills by using common field biology tools (e.g., quadrats, measuring tapes, field guides, binoculars, topography maps, and digital meters) and practicing multiple field techniques (e.g., transects, sweep nets, kick sampling, and camera trapping) to carry out ecological field surveys documenting local biodiversity in Ireland. Students apply advanced field research skills during on-site ecological surveys conducted with area experts to generate authentic biodiversity data for Irish community partners. Prerequisite: Instructor Approval.

BIO 4329. Raptor Ecology.

This course examines the ecology, biology, and diversity of diurnal birds of prey, with emphasis on form, function, and ecological roles within terrestrial ecosystems. Topics include raptor anatomy and physiology, sensory systems, evolution and phylogenetics, taxonomy, foraging ecology, and conservation. Students analyze primary scientific literature and develop species profiles to understand how raptors function as apex predators and indicators of ecosystem dynamics. Integrating ecological theory with applied case studies builds foundational skills in biological analysis and scientific communication relevant to ecology and wildlife biology. Prerequisite: BIO 4416 with a grade of "C" or better.

BIO 4331. Human Dimensions of Wildlife and Fisheries Conservation.

This course examines the role of human dimensions in wildlife and fisheries conservation, including cultural, political, economic, and social influences on management outcomes across local, national, and global contexts, with emphasis on North America and Texas. Students analyze case studies and interdisciplinary research to evaluate how human values, institutions, and behaviors shape conservation policy and practice. Through applied inquiry and problem-based analysis, students develop the ability to assess management strategies and integrate human dimensions concepts into evidence-based decision-making. Prerequisite: BIO 4416 with a grade of "C" or better.

BIO 4332. Biology in Film and Television: An Analysis of the Biology in Fiction and Non-Fiction Film and TV.

This course explores how biology is portrayed in popular motion pictures, with an emphasis on analyzing biological accuracy, misconceptions perpetuated or depicted, and investigating the rationale behind directors' and writers' decisions about how biological content is presented. Students will watch a curated list of fiction films, non-fiction documentaries, fiction television episodes, and/or non-fiction docu-series with topics ranging from terrestrial ecology to public health. Students will gain the skills to review and analyze film and television media for scientific accuracy and inaccuracy. Prerequisite: BIO 1330 and BIO 1130 and BIO 1331 and BIO 1131 with grades of "D" or better.

BIO 4333. International Studies of Plant Ecology and Conservation.

This course provides a first-hand understanding of the natural history, biodiversity, ecology, conservation, and culture of African bushveld ecosystems with a focus on plants. The course is an immersive and intensive study abroad experience combining traditional lecture and field-based instruction in the African bushveld. Instruction uses traditional lectures, guided ecological field work, and written assignments to emphasize plant identification, ecosystem processes, and conservation practices. Students develop skills in ecological observation and scientific communication while analyzing conservation challenges and opportunities in southern Africa. Corequisite: BIO 4334 with a grade of "C" or better.

BIO 4334. International Studies of Wildlife Ecology and Natural History.

This course provides a first-hand understanding of the natural history, biodiversity, ecology, behavior, conservation, and culture of African bushveld ecosystems with a focus on wildlife. This immersive and intensive study abroad experience combines traditional lecture and field-based instruction in the African bushveld. Instruction uses traditional lectures, guided ecological field work, and written assignments to emphasize wildlife identification, ecosystem processes, and conservation practices. Students develop skills in ecological observation and scientific communication while analyzing conservation challenges and opportunities in southern Africa. Corequisite: BIO 4333 with a grade of "C" or better.

BIO 4337. Biology and Conservation of Sharks.

This course examines the biology, ecology, and conservation of sharks and their relatives, including skates, rays, chimaeras, and sawfish. Topics include evolutionary history, anatomy and physiology, behavior, diet, reproduction, migration, and human and fisheries interactions. Students explore conservation challenges, research methods, and management strategies through scientific literature, field methods, and current real-world examples. Emphasis is placed on evaluating ecological roles, population vulnerability, and approaches that promote healthy shark populations and advance scientific knowledge of elasmobranchs. Prerequisite: BIO 1331 with a grade of “C” or better.

BIO 4338. Tropical Ecology and Conservation.

This course examines ecological patterns and processes in tropical ecosystems, with emphasis on biodiversity, species interactions, and environmental gradients across tropical regions. Topics include tropical biogeography, succession, coevolution, and conservation of tropical ecosystems, using Costa Rica as a representative system. Students analyze field observations and scientific literature to evaluate ecological relationships and conservation challenges in tropical environments. Analytical outcomes include interpreting ecological data and explaining the patterns of diversity and ecosystem function across tropical systems. Prerequisite: BIO 1330 and BIO 1331 with grades of "C" or better and a 2.0 Overall GPA.

BIO 4339. Environmental Physiology of Animals.

This course examines animals’ physiological responses to environmental challenges, including temperature, moisture, salinity, gas partial pressures, food availability, and toxins across terrestrial and aquatic habitats. Through lectures, case studies, and comparative analyses, students investigate homeostatic regulation, stress responses, and evolutionary adaptations across diverse animal taxa and ecosystems. Students analyze evidence to explain physiological principles underlying animal responses to environmental change and compare how different species persist under variable ecological conditions and shifting environmental constraints globally. Prerequisite: [BIO 2450 or BIO 2316] with a grade of "C" or better.

BIO 4343. Fish Physiology.

This course examines primary physiological functions in fish, including sensory systems, metabolism, respiration, digestion, excretion, reproduction, and water balance across diverse aquatic environments. Through lectures, laboratory activities, and analysis of current literature, students investigate how organ systems interact to support homeostasis and survival under changing environmental conditions. Students evaluate physiological adaptations in fish, explain functional responses to environmental challenges, and analyze how different species persist across freshwater and marine ecosystems. Prerequisite: [BIO 2400 or BIO 2411] and [BIO 2450 or (BIO 2316 and BIO 2116)] with grades of "C" or better.

BIO 4344. Vertebrate Endocrinology.

This course explores the function and organization of the endocrine system. It describes the major endocrine glands, the synthesis and release of their hormone products, and their effect on target tissues. Endocrine control of digestion, growth, reproduction, and homeostasis will be compared between mammals and other vertebrate groups, and case studies will be examined to reveal the consequences of dysfunction in the endocrine system. Primary literature covering endocrinology will be critically evaluated. Prerequisite: [BIO 2450 or (BIO 2316 and BIO 2116)] and CHEM 2342 all with grades of "C" or better.

BIO 4346. Comparative Immunology.

This course will consist of a taxonomic survey of metazoan immune systems, focusing on the ecological and evolutionary causes and consequences of variation in immune systems across animals. While most textbooks present the immune system of animals as a single, universal system, in fact, there is immense variability in animal immune systems. Surveying the animal tree of life as a guide, we will explore both foundational concepts in immunology and the evolution of diversity in immune systems across animals. Prerequisite: BIO 2450 or BIO 2316 with a grade of "C" or better.

BIO 4350M. Wildlife Policy and Law in North America.

This course provides the student with a historical and cultural context within which wildlife policy and law have developed in North America, particularly in the United States. Federal treaties, statutes, case law, and regulations pertaining to wildlife will be presented. Wildlife law from representative states will be referenced as well. Corequisite: BIO 4423 or BIO 4435 either with a grade of "C" or better.

BIO 4350Z. Diversity and Cultural Impact of Geoparks.

This course will explore the biological differences in ecological diversity in city/state parks, national parks, and geoparks globally. Students will explore the impacts of the parks on the local community and national policy by focusing on differences in science communication strategies and community engagement practices at the parks. Students will analyze the science content depicted and implementation of communication strategies in static and dynamic messaging within the parks. Students will gain a comprehensive understanding of the intersection between science content, science communication, and community engagement on global conservation science. Prerequisite: Instructor approval.

BIO 4351A. Vertebrate Endocrinology.

This course teaches function and organization of the endocrine system. It describes the major endocrine glands, the synthesis and release of their hormone products, and the interaction with target tissues. Endocrine control of digestion, growth, reproduction, and homeostasis will be compared between mammals and other vertebrate groups. Prerequisite: BIO 2450 and CHEM 2342 both with grades of "C" or better.

BIO 4351F. Marine Ecology and Conservation.

In this field course students will examine the ecology, management, and conservation of marine flora and fauna, and the impact of humans on marine life. Prerequisite: BIO 1331 and BIO 1131 both with grades of “C” or better and a minimum 2.5 overall GPA and instructor approval.

BIO 4351R. Infectious Diseases.

This course examines the biological, historical, and societal dimensions of infectious diseases, focusing on how pathogens emerge, spread, and influence public health systems. Students investigate major infectious agents, mechanisms of transmission, and host immune responses while considering the historical development of epidemiology and disease control. Through lectures, case studies, primary sources, and field visits to sites significant to the history of public health, students analyze infectious disease events and evaluate their scientific and societal implications. Prerequisite: [BIO 2400 or 2440] or [BIO 2450 or 2316] or BIO 2451 with a grade of "C" or better.

BIO 4360. Molecular Biology.

This course introduces the fundamental principles of molecular biology, focusing on the structure, function, and regulation of DNA, RNA, and proteins. It examines key processes such as replication, transcription, translation, gene regulation, and contemporary biotechnological applications. Instruction integrates conceptual analysis with problem-solving and evaluation of experimental data through lectures, problem-solving, and case-based approaches. Students will be able to explain molecular mechanisms, interpret experimental results, and apply molecular biology concepts to analyze biological systems and contemporary scientific questions. Prerequisite: BIO 2450 or BIO 2316 or CHEM 3375 or CHEM 4375 with a grade of "D" or better.

BIO 4363. History of Medicine.

This course examines significant concepts, developments, individuals, and events in the history of medicine from antiquity to modern era. Topics include how disease has shaped medical practice, the rise of hospitals as centers for care and the ways medical science is influenced by cultural and political contexts. Historical analysis explores the development of modern medical ethics and the evolving doctor–patient relationship. Students engage with primary sources and case studies to understand how past medical practices shape contemporary healthcare. Prerequisite: BIO 2400 or BIO 2440 or BIO 2450 or BIO 2316 or BIO 2451 with a grade of “C” or better.

BIO 4364. Explorations in Physiology.

This course will cover the basic principles of physiological systems and the function of organ systems with an emphasis on humans and other mammals. The focus will be on the interplay between and among multiple organ systems and holistic systems integration. Other topics include the pathophysiology underlying common diseases, drug therapies and treatments, and emerging physiological research. This course will also provide the opportunity for experiential learning gained in diverse cultural settings. Prerequisite: BIO 2400 or BIO 2440 or BIO 2450 or (BIO 2316 and BIO 2116) or BIO 2451 with a grade of "C" or better.

BIO 4366. Medical Microbiology.

This course provides an overview of medically important microorganisms, focusing on pathogenic bacteria, fungi, and parasites and their roles in human disease. It examines mechanisms of pathogenicity, host–microbe interactions, epidemiology, and antimicrobial resistance, along with approaches used to identify and study infectious agents. Instruction combines interactive lectures, case-based discussions, and real-time assessments to connect concepts with disease scenarios. Students analyze infectious diseases, interpret microbiological data, and evaluate factors influencing disease transmission and control. Prerequisites: BIO 2400 and [BIO 2450 or BIO 2316] with grades of "C" or better.

BIO 4374. Principles of Zoo Management.

This course introduces the principles of captive animal management within conservation- and education-based facilities such as zoos. It examines the biological, ethical, and institutional frameworks that guide modern zoo operations, including animal husbandry, animal welfare, nutrition, behavior, enrichment, population management, and conservation planning. Course content is delivered through lectures, case studies, discussions, and applied interactive assignments that evaluate real-world zoo practices. By the end of the course, students will be able to analyze how zoological institutions contribute to conservation and assess best practices in captive animal management within contemporary regulatory and conservation contexts. Prerequisite: BIO 2411 with a grade of "C" or better.

BIO 4376. Microbial Biotechnology.

This course provides an overview of how microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, and yeast, are engineered to address real-world challenges through biotechnology. It examines applied microbiology topics such as microbial genetics, metabolic engineering, industrial fermentation, and microbial applications in medicine, agriculture, environmental remediation, and bio-based product development. Instruction combines lectures, case studies, and analysis of contemporary research to connect theory with application. Students analyze and evaluate microbial biotechnological strategies used to address practical problems in industrial, environmental, and medical contexts. Prerequisite: BIO 2400 and [BIO 2450 or BIO 2316] with grades of "C" or better.

BIO 4400. Plants Important for Wildlife.

This course will provide students with field-based experience in the identification and taxonomy of plants and plant parts, using accurate botanical terminology. Students will examine the co-evolution of plant defense mechanisms and the adaptive strategies plants have developed in response to herbivory and environmental pressures. The course also investigates the ecological impacts of plant use by wildlife, emphasizing the interdependent relationships between plant communities and the animal species that rely on them for food, shelter, and survival. Prerequisite: BIO 2410 or [BIO 2450 or (BIO 2316 and BIO 2116)] with grades of "C" or better.

BIO 4402. Earth Science I.

This course is part of a two-part course series that provides pre-service 4-8 educators with a survey of Earth Science concepts necessary for teaching at the middle school level. This course provides a survey of major concepts in astronomy, meteorology, and climatology along with the effect of those factors on the biosphere. Scientific inquiry is emphasized in this course. Students will address these Earth and space concepts through a combination of lecture, field observations, modeling, and scientific investigations.

BIO 4403. Earth Science II.

This course is part of a two-part course series that provides pre-service 4-8 educators with a survey of Earth Science concepts necessary for teaching at the middle level. Students are provided with a survey of major concepts in physical and historical geology and addresses the interaction between the geosphere and biosphere. Scientific inquiry is emphasized in this course. Students will address these Earth science concepts through a combination of lecture, field observations, modeling, and scientific investigations.

BIO 4408. Scientific Practices and Pedagogy.

This course provides future secondary science teachers with an overview of scientific inquiry, with emphasis on designing and facilitating scientific investigations and their importance in science pedagogy. Students will engage with the content of this course through a combination of lecture and laboratory approaches in collaboration with their peers. Students will practice field and laboratory techniques that are applicable in the secondary classroom, design, conduct, and communicate the results of scientific investigations, and design and facilitate inquiry-based lessons for the secondary classroom.

BIO 4410. Field Biology of Plants.

This course provides an introduction to the major natural regions of the State of Texas, the principal plant communities that characterize each of these regions, and the factors that combine to influence and determine the distribution of plant communities across the landscape. Laboratories are primarily field trips to various natural regions throughout the central Texas region that emphasize the recognition of plant community characteristics and provide students with the tools and techniques important for field identification. Prerequisite: BIO 2450 or BIO 2316 with a grade of “C” or better.

BIO 4411. Morphology of the Vascular Plants.

This course focuses on the structure, function, and evolution of living and fossil vascular plants, including the ferns, gymnosperms, and flowering plants. In both lecture and lab, students are introduced to the basic structure and functioning of plant organs and reproductive structures through a comparative approach that enables them to understand plant diversity, adaptation, and evolutionary history. Specialized topics, such as the origin of land plants, evolution of the ovule, angiospermy, and the evolution of the flower are emphasized. Prerequisites: BIO 2450 or BIO 2316 with a grade of “C” or better.

BIO 4412. Plant Anatomy.

This course introduces students to the basic structure of vascular plants at varying levels. In both lecture and lab, students are introduced to the cell and tissue types that form the major organs of the plant body (stems, roots, leaves, flowers, fruits, and seeds). Students analyze how plant structure is correlated with physiological functioning and environmental adaptation. Emphasis is placed on characteristics that are of importance in understanding phylogenetic relationships among the extant groups of vascular plants. Prerequisites: BIO 2450 or BIO 2316 with a grade of “C” or better.

BIO 4415. Ichthyology.

BIO 4415 Ichthyology provides a foundation in fish biology and evolution and supports preparation for careers involving fish biology. The course strengthens competencies in comparative analysis, phylogenetic reasoning, and biological classification—core skills aligned with national recommendations for undergraduate biology education. It bridges lower-level courses with upper-division organismal courses, ensuring curricular coherence and preparation for graduate study, professional programs, and workforce pathways in environmental science, wildlife management, and biological research. Prerequisites: BIO 2411 with a grade of “C” or better.

BIO 4416. General Ecology.

This course examines the ecological principles that govern the distribution, abundance, and interactions of organisms across multiple levels of biological organization, including individuals, populations, communities, and ecosystems. Students explore ecological processes such as population growth, species interactions, community dynamics, and ecological succession, as well as landscape-level patterns of biodiversity. Through analysis of ecological models, scientific literature, and case studies, students investigate how ecological systems function and respond to environmental change. The course emphasizes interpretation of ecological patterns and evaluation of processes influencing biodiversity and ecosystem dynamics. Prerequisites: BIO 2400 or BIO 2410 or BIO 2411 with a grade of “C” or better.

BIO 4418. Field Ornithology.

This course introduces students to avian species with an emphasis on Texas birds and provides advanced knowledge of the application of various field and laboratory techniques and statistical methods used to study them. Topics include survey methodology, sampling design, marking/banding, measurement/sample extraction, and aging/sexing avian species. A strong emphasis is placed on using results from field and laboratory methods to make inferences about the habitat and ecosystem within which the data were collected. Students will practice identifying birds using diagnostic characteristics, including visual and auditory identification, and collecting data on avian species. Prerequisite: BIO 2411 and [BIO 2450 or (BIO 2316 and BIO 2116)] with grades of “C” or better.

BIO 4420. Natural History of the Vertebrates.

This course examines the diversity, evolution, and ecological strategies of vertebrate taxa, emphasizing how anatomical, physiological, and behavioral traits contribute to survival and reproduction. Major topics include vertebrate origins, taxonomy, speciation, functional morphology, perception, locomotion, resource acquisition, environmental relationships, social systems, mating strategies, and parental care. Instruction combines lectures with guided discussions and laboratory exercises focused on taxonomic identification and comparative functional trait morphology. The course emphasizes interpretation of vertebrate diversity within an evolutionary framework and analysis of how form and function shape ecological interactions across major vertebrate lineages. Prerequisites: BIO 2411 and [BIO 2450 or BIO 2316] with grades of "C" or better.

BIO 4421. Ornithology.

This course introduces students to the evolutionary origins and biodiversity of birds, their anatomy and physiology, behavioral ecology, and conservation, with an emphasis on Texas birds. Strong emphasis is placed on using content to make larger observations and inferences about the environment. The laboratory emphasizes bird identification, habitat requirements, and conservation. Students will practice identifying birds using diagnostic characteristics, including visual and auditory identification. Students are introduced to the field of ornithology and to basic techniques for studying birds. Prerequisites: BIO 2411 and [BIO 2450 or (BIO 2316 and BIO 2116)] with grades of “C” or better.

BIO 4422. Mammalogy.

This course provides a comprehensive study of mammals, including taxonomy, distribution, ecology, behavior, and evolutionary relationships, with emphasis on sylvan species native to the southwestern United States. Content addresses mammalian ecology and human-driven factors influencing management and conservation of wild mammal populations. Instruction is delivered through lectures, analysis of scientific literature, and systematic examination of specimens, with laboratory activities focused on anatomical study, identification, and preparation of specimens, along with methods in field-based population analysis. Students analyze mammalian diversity, evaluate ecological relationships, and apply classification and population assessment techniques in scientific contexts. Prerequisites: BIO 2411 and [BIO 2450 or (BIO 2316 and BIO 2116)] with grades of “C” or better.

BIO 4423. Wildlife Management.

This course provides a comprehensive knowledge of ecological principles, habitat manipulation, and population dynamics to manage wild species and their habitats. Content addresses the application of ecological and natural history principles in managing wildlife habitats and controlling wildlife populations. Instruction is delivered through lectures, analysis of scientific literature, and systematic discussion of multimedia materials. Laboratory activities focus on demonstrations, field-based population monitoring, habitat analysis, and development of wildlife management plans. Students distinguish management strategies and devise plans for measuring, mapping, and monitoring species to develop sustainable conservation strategies. Prerequisites: BIO 2411 and [BIO 2450 or (BIO 2316 and BIO 2116)] with grades of “C” or better and BIO 2410 with a grade of "D" or better.

BIO 4424A. Microbial Symbiosis.

This course surveys key topics related to microbial symbioses, moving from cellular biology to ecology and evolutionary theory while comparing mutualistic and antagonistic relationships. Symbiotic associations between eukaryotic hosts and microbes are examined as drivers of ecological and evolutionary processes. Instruction includes lecture-based content and research-based experiential learning focused on the biological principles governing these interactions. Prerequisite: BIO 2450 or BIO 2316 with a grade of "C" or better.

BIO 4425. Biometry.

This course introduces statistical methods as applied to biological research, including sampling techniques, experimental design, probability theory, hypothesis testing, data analysis, and population modeling. Topics address the role of critical thinking in scientific decision making, variability, statistical inference, confidence intervals, regression, and interpretation of quantitative biological data in experimental and observational studies. Students apply quantitative reasoning and statistical software to analyze datasets, assess sources of bias and error, and evaluate research findings. The course emphasizes critical examination of scientific literature, interpretation of statistical outputs, assessment of analytical assumptions and limitations, and construction of evidence-based conclusions from biological data. Prerequisite: [MATH 1315 or MATH 2321 or MATH 2328 or MATH 2417 or MATH 2471] and [BIO 2400 or BIO 2410 or BIO 2411] with grades of "C" or better.

BIO 4429. Wetland Plant Ecology and Management.

This course examines the structure and function of wetland ecosystems with emphasis on the biological, physical, and chemical processes that shape these systems. Topics include wetland classification, hydrology, nutrient dynamics, plant adaptations, and community organization. It also addresses approaches to wetland management and restoration. Students engage in field and laboratory activities, including plant identification and analysis of ecological data, to evaluate wetland processes across spatial scales. Emphasis is placed on applying ecological concepts to interpret patterns in wetland vegetation and ecosystem function. Prerequisite: [BIO 2410 or BIO 2450 or BIO 2316] with a grade of "C" or better.

BIO 4432. Microbial Genomics.

This course provides students with the computational knowledge and skills to investigate the function, ecology, and evolution of microorganisms. Topics span current sequencing technologies, genomics and transcriptomics approaches, and command-line and R programming tools used to analyze microbial genomic data. The course emphasizes analysis of microbial genomics data using modern computational methods and conceptual frameworks to investigate microbial diversity and function, supporting development of skills relevant to data-driven research in the microbial sciences. Prerequisite: BIO 2400 and [BIO 2450 or BIO 2316] with grades of "C" or better.

BIO 4434. Herpetology.

This course focuses on the origin and evolution of amphibians and reptiles, including their reproductive and physiological strategies, taxonomy and systematics, and population biology. Emphasis is placed on North American species, particularly those inhabiting Texas. The course highlights the use of biological concepts to make broader observations about environmental patterns and processes. Laboratory activities emphasize identification of amphibians and reptiles, their habitat requirements, and conservation, including the use of diagnostic visual and auditory characteristics. Prerequisites: BIO 2411 and [BIO 2450 or (BIO 2316 and BIO 2116)] with grades of “C” or better.

BIO 4435. Techniques in Wildlife Management.

This course covers fundamental methods of practical wildlife management and research, including techniques for monitoring wildlife populations, collecting ecological data, and assessing habitat and population dynamics. Topics include wildlife capture, handling, tagging, and data management in applied field settings. Instruction is delivered through lectures and field-based experiences, including structured field exercises and data collection activities. Students apply wildlife management techniques, evaluate population and habitat data, and use field and analytical methods to assess wildlife populations and ecological conditions. Prerequisites: BIO 2411 with a grade of "D" or better.

BIO 4441. Cellular Physiology.

This course examines the molecular mechanisms of cellular function with an emphasis on thermodynamic principles and energy metabolism. Students analyze the regulation of the cell cycle and the modulation of gene expression within eukaryotic systems. The course incorporates analysis of peer-reviewed scientific literature to examine current research in cell physiology and molecular biology. The integrated laboratory component utilizes a cohesive experimental framework to investigate cellular processes in a practical setting. The course emphasizes interpretation of advanced biological research and synthesis of findings within the context of modern cell theory. Prerequisites: [BIO 2450 or (BIO 2316 and BIO 2116)] and [CHEM 2330 or CHEM 2342] with grades of "D" or better.

BIO 4446. Microbial Ecology.

This course explores the diversity of microbial life, microbial metabolisms, and the basis and consequences of their interactions within their environments. It is designed to give students the knowledge and tools to investigate the ecology, evolution, and functions of natural microbial populations. Combining theory with hands-on practice, students will apply laboratory and computational techniques to real environmental samples through a semester-long research project, while learning the current conceptual frameworks that shape our understanding of the most diverse forms of life on the planet. Prerequisites: BIO 2400 and [BIO 2450 or (BIO 2361 and BIO 2116)] with grades of “C” or better.

BIO 4448. Bacterial Genetics.

This course provides an overview of bacterial genetics, focusing on molecular mechanisms that govern DNA replication, gene expression, mutation, recombination, and gene regulation in prokaryotes. It examines topics including plasmids, horizontal gene transfer, operon systems, and CRISPR-Cas technologies used to study and manipulate bacterial genomes. Instruction integrates lectures, active learning activities, analysis of the primary literature, and laboratory experiences to connect concepts with experimental approaches. Students analyze genetic processes in bacteria, interpret experimental data, and evaluate genetic tools used in microbiological research. Prerequisite: BIO 2400 and [BIO 2450 or (BIO 2316 and BIO 2116)] with grades of "C" or better.

BIO 4454. Plant Ecology.

This course examines plant ecology across levels of biological organization, from cellular processes and individual plants to populations, communities, ecosystems, and global patterns. Emphasis is placed on understanding how processes at one scale constrain, propagate, or emerge at other scales, with sustained attention to conceptual integration across levels of organization. The lecture component develops unifying ecological concepts and theoretical frameworks, while the laboratory applies these ideas through greenhouse and field experiments, vegetation sampling, quantitative observation and analysis. Students will develop analytical skills in experimental design, data interpretation, and scale-aware ecological reasoning, enabling them to critically evaluate plant–environment interactions across scales. Prerequisite: BIO 2400 or BIO 2410 or BIO 2411 with a grade of "D" or better.

BIO 4455. Plant Physiology.

This course focuses on in-depth examination of the physiological processes that govern plant life, from molecular, cellular, to the whole-organism levels. Emphasis is on the relationship between structure and function. Core topics include regulation of growth and development, photosynthesis and respiration, nutrient assimilation, and the vascular transport of water and solutes. Through integrated lectures and hands-on laboratory experiments, students will explore the physiological mechanisms that control growth and development, while fostering scientific inquiry, data interpretation, and critical thinking skills essential for advanced studies in plant sciences and career readiness. Prerequisite: BIO 2450 or BIO 2316 with a grade of “C” or better.

BIO 4464. Vertebrate Anatomy.

This course examines the origins, similarities, and differences among the anatomical body plans of vertebrate animals. Through lecture and laboratory study, students examine fossil histories to analyze patterns of vertebrate radiation in the geological record and compare the unifying and divergent anatomical characteristics of extant vertebrate groups, with emphasis on organs and organ systems. In the laboratory, students use dissection of representative members of major vertebrate groups to investigate the shared and distinctive anatomical structures. Prerequisite: [BIO 2450 or BIO 2316] with a grade of "C" or better.

BIO 4465. General Entomology.

This course provides a comprehensive introduction to the diversity, biology, and evolutionary relationships of insects and related arthropods. Topics include morphology, physiology, systematics, ecology, population biology, medical and veterinary entomology, and pest management. Students examine arthropod classification and ecological roles through lectures and laboratory-based identification and comparative analysis. Using taxonomic keys, specimen analysis, and evaluation of ecological data, students analyze insect diversity and interactions within natural and applied systems to interpret their biological and environmental significance. Prerequisites: [BIO 2316 or BIO 2450] with a grade of “C” or better.

BIO 4470. Limnology: The Study of Inland Aquatic Ecosystems.

This course explores physical, chemical, and biological processes in lakes, ponds, and streams. Key concepts and their application will be covered in the lecture, and limnological field sampling methods and analysis of chemical and biological samples are included in the laboratory. At the end of this course students should understand the theoretical and practical aspects of limnology, be able to apply of these concepts to societal water issues, be familiar with limnological laboratory and field methods, and have the ability to evaluate the primary literature. Prerequisites: [BIO 2450 or BIO 2316] and CHEM 1342 with grades of “C” or better.

BIO 4472. Animal Behavior.

This course examines the evolution and fitness consequences of animal behavior using conceptual and theoretical frameworks. Emphasis is placed on Tinbergen’s four questions—mechanism, development, function, and evolutionary history—as organizing principles for understanding behavioral traits across taxa. The course uses theoretical models, hypothesis testing, and analysis of primary literature to evaluate empirical evidence in behavioral research. Students apply evolutionary reasoning to interpret data, assess competing hypotheses, and design research questions grounded in established principles of animal behavior. Prerequisites: [BIO 2400 or BIO 2410 or BIO 2411] with grades of “C” or better.

BIO 4480. Cytology and Microtechnique.

This course explores the structure and function of diverse cell types through the principles of light, electron, and laser scanning confocal microscopy, as well as emerging digital imaging technologies. An integrative course, it combines the theoretical foundations of cell biology with hands-on training in microscopic techniques. In the laboratory, students develop practical skills in standard and advanced microscopy methods, gaining experience in the accurate execution, imaging, and interpretation of cell biology experiments. Students document their work by capturing and submitting microscopic images as assignments, reinforcing both technical proficiency and scientific communication. Current developments in the field are examined throughout the course, preparing students to critically engage with modern cytological research. Prerequisite: BIO 2450 or (BIO 2316 and BIO 2116) with grades of “C” or better.

BIO 4481. Internship in Biological Laboratory Technologies.

This course provides on-the-job training in a public or private-sector organization related to the biological sciences. Students engage in supervised professional activities that apply biological knowledge, skills, and methods in organizational settings. Experiences may involve laboratory or field work, planning processes, data management, or community engagement, depending on the placement. Students integrate practical experience with biological concepts to support professional development and understanding of workplace practices within biology-related fields. Students must apply to the department internship director prior to registering for the internship course. Prerequisite: Instructor Approval.

BIO 4490. Principles of Developmental Biology.

This course explores the basic principles and molecular mechanisms that govern the development of multicellular organisms. Using both animal and plant models, it examines how a single cell develops into complex tissues, organs, and body plans through tightly regulated genetic and cellular processes. Topics covered include gametogenesis, fertilization, cleavage, gastrulation, pattern formation, organogenesis, morphogen gradients, and gene regulatory networks. Students will explore developmental processes using Drosophila and Arabidopsis through lectures and labs, fostering analytical skills and scientific inquiry vital for advanced studies and careers in biology. Prerequisite: [BIO 2450 or BIO 2316] with a grade of "C" or better.

GS 2310. Life Science Concepts.

This course introduces non-science majors preparing for teaching careers to scientific inquiry and fundamental concepts in the life sciences, including the nature of science, biochemistry, genetics, ecology, and evolution. Students examine these concepts through lecture and laboratory activities that emphasize inquiry-based and active learning approaches. The course provides opportunities to analyze instructional strategies commonly used in science education and to examine their application in K–12 classroom contexts.

GS 3310. Earth Science Concepts.

This course provides pre-service Early Childhood – 6th grade educators a survey of fundamental concepts in Earth Science, including the nature of science, chemistry, geology, meteorology, and astronomy. Students interact with these concepts through lecture and laboratory activities that emphasize collaboration, scientific inquiry, and active learning approaches. Students are provided the opportunity to analyze instructional strategies commonly used in science education and to examine their application in the context of their future EC – 6th grade classroom.