Biology (BIO)

BIO 1130. Functional Biology Laboratory.

This course introduces students to fundamental laboratory techniques and instruments used in biological research through structured, hands-on investigations. Students examine biological processes like enzyme activity, fermentation, cell division, and membrane transport while emphasizing laboratory safety, accurate measurement, and experimental design. The course employs guided inquiry, data collection, and quantitative analysis using graphical and basic statistical methods. Students interpret results in relation to testable hypotheses and established biological concepts. Through written reports and scientific posters, students develop professional scientific communication skills and prepare for advanced coursework and research experiences. Corequisite: BIO 1330 with a grade of "D" or better.

BIO 1131. Organismal Biology Laboratory.

This course introduces students to the basics of scientific method and inquiry through experimental design, use of statistical analyses to analyze data, and scientific communication in the context of organismal and population biology. Topics covered include Mendelian and population genetics, natural selection, community ecology, population ecology, phylogeny, and behavioral ecology. Experimental design and collaborative investigation are used to examine biological questions. Students complete data analyses and convey experimental results through scientific writing as well as graphic and oral presentation. Corequisite: BIO 1331 with a grade of “D” or better.

BIO 1320. Modern Biology - Molecules, Cells, and Physiology.

This course provides non-science majors with a broad overview of fundamental scientific and biological principles. Topics include basic chemistry, cell structure and function, important cellular processes, inheritance patterns, and an introduction to human physiology. Students examine how these principles operate across living systems and explore their analytical applications in contemporary biotechnology and medicine. This foundational knowledge supports biological literacy in an increasingly complex world. This course is not credited toward a biology degree.

BIO 1321. Ecology, Evolution, and Society.

This course introduces non-science majors to fundamental principles of biology, including the scientific method, evolution, biological diversity, and ecology. Students explore natural selection, speciation, systematics, and ecological relationships across multiple levels of biological organization. Emphasis is placed on human impacts on biodiversity and ecosystems, including climate change and conservation. Integrated laboratory activities reinforce lecture concepts and build scientific skills. Upon completion, students will demonstrate an understanding of evolution, the diversity of life, and ecological systems, and will apply these concepts to evaluate scientific claims critically. The course is not recommended for natural science majors, including biology.

BIO 1330. Functional Biology.

This course examines core cellular and molecular processes essential to modern biology. Students analyze cell structure and transport; molecular mechanisms of the central dogma (transcription, translation, and gene regulation); protein structure and enzyme function; energy metabolism (cellular respiration and photosynthesis); and cell cycle control. Through problem-solving and data-driven reasoning, students develop skills in scientific analysis and apply cellular concepts to biological contexts, including human disease and organismal diversity. This course is intended for biology majors. Prerequisite: College Readiness in English Language Arts and Reading (ELAR) according to the TSI regulations.

BIO 1331. Organismal Biology.

This course introduces science majors to core concepts in organismal biology, including inheritance patterns and genetic principles, evolutionary theory and phylogenetic relationships, and ecological systems. Students examine the mechanisms of inheritance, evolution, and speciation by analyzing patterns in living organisms and ecosystems across multiple scales. Students apply quantitative reasoning to understand how organisms adapt, diversify, and interact within their environments. Accordingly, students analyze biological diversity and the processes that generate and maintain it. Prerequisite: College Readiness in English Language Arts and Reading (ELAR) according to the TSI regulations and College Readiness in Mathematics according to the TSI regulations.

BIO 2116. Genetics Lab.

This course provides students with hands‑on laboratory experience designed to reinforce fundamental concepts in genetics, including Mendelian inheritance, cell division, population genetics, and quantitative genetics. Students apply experimental approaches to genetic analysis while developing practical skills in basic molecular biology techniques such as DNA isolation, gel electrophoresis, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification, and DNA sequencing. Laboratory activities emphasize data collection, interpretation, and evaluation of experimental results. Through guided experiments, students explore how molecular techniques are used to investigate genetic variation and support organismal identification within a scientific framework. The course supports the integration of theoretical genetics concepts with experimental practice. Prerequisite: BIO 1130 and BIO 1330 and BIO 1131 and BIO 1331 and CHEM 1141 and CHEM 1341 and CHEM 1142 and CHEM 1342 with grades of "C" or better. Corequisite: BIO 2316 with a grade of "C" or better.

BIO 2316. Genetics.

This course introduces students to fundamental principles of genetics, including Mendelian, molecular, quantitative, and population genetics. Topics include classical transmission genetics, linkage mapping, DNA replication and repair, transcription and translation, regulation of gene expression, epigenetic mechanisms, genetic engineering techniques, and principles of population genetics such as Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. The course also examines evolutionary mechanisms underlying genetic and phenotypic change and applications of genetics in biotechnology. Emphasis is placed on understanding genetic processes, interpreting experimental data, and evaluating contemporary genetic research within a scientific framework appropriate for advanced study in the biological sciences. Prerequisite: BIO 1130 and BIO 1330 and BIO 1131 and BIO 1331 and CHEM 1342 with grades of “C” or better.

BIO 2400. Microbiology.

This course provides students majoring in science a strong background necessary to understand the basic concepts in Microbiology with a focus on bacteria. The course covers principles of microbiology, morphology, anatomy, physiology, microbial genetics, and control of microbial growth. We will also briefly discuss viruses, mammalian immune mechanisms and immune disorders, and pathogenesis related to microbiological infections. The laboratory component of the course builds essential skills in microbiological techniques. Students will analyze microbial structure-function relationships, evaluate mechanisms of gene expression, regulation, genetic variation, and metabolic diversity, and apply principles of host–microbe interactions to infectious disease contexts. Prerequisites: BIO 1130 and BIO 1131 and BIO 1330 and BIO 1331 and CHEM 1341 with grades of “C” or better.

BIO 2410. Intermediate General Botany.

This course provides a comprehensive introduction to botany, covering plant structure, function, reproduction, life cycles, and biodiversity. Students will explore plant anatomy, physiology, genetics, and evolution, while focusing on plants’ critical roles in ecosystems, human life and applications in agriculture and biotechnology. Through lectures and lab work, the course emphasizes key cellular processes like photosynthesis, transpiration and vascular transport, while fostering scientific inquiry and critical thinking for advanced studies in plant sciences and related disciplines. Prerequisites: BIO 1130 and BIO 1131 and BIO 1330 and BIO 1331 all with grades of “C” or better.

BIO 2411. Intermediate Zoology.

This course surveys the animal kingdom with an emphasis on diversity, evolutionary relationships, functional adaptations, and environmental interactions. Content includes animal form and function, classification, phylogeny, natural history, biogeography, and major taxonomic groups presented in phylogenetic sequence. Students examine comparative anatomical and ecological data through lectures and laboratory investigations. Upon completion, students will be able to analyze evolutionary patterns, compare structural and functional traits among taxa, and evaluate relationships between animal adaptations and environmental conditions. Prerequisites: BIO 1130 and BIO 1131 and BIO 1330 and BIO 1331 with grades of “C” or better.

BIO 2430. Human Physiology and Anatomy.

This course will introduce students to the structure and function of the human body through an integrated study of anatomy and physiology. Emphasizing the connection between form and function, it examines major organ systems, homeostatic regulation, and the coordinated processes that sustain life. Students engage in lectures, discussions, and hands‑on laboratory activities that reinforce foundational concepts essential for health‑related fields, including cellular physiology, tissue organization, and system‑level interactions. By building a strong scientific framework, the course prepares students for advanced study in biology, healthcare, and allied health professions.

BIO 2440. Principles of Microbiology.

This course provides students with foundational knowledge of microorganisms, their structure, physiology, and relevance to human populations. It covers microbial diversity, mechanisms of growth and control, microbial interactions with hosts, pathogenicity, and an introduction to clinical microbiology. Through integrated lecture and laboratory experiences, students will perform microscopy, staining, aseptic technique, culture methods, and quantitative assays. By course end, students will analyze microbial data, apply laboratory safety and aseptic procedures, and interpret results to identify and characterize common bacteria and their roles in health and disease. Prerequisites: BIO 1330 and CHEM 1341 with grades of "D" or better.

BIO 2450. Genetics.

An introduction to basic principles of Genetics by studies of Mendelian, molecular, quantitative and population genetics. Topics include: classical transmission genetics, and gene mapping, DNA replication and repair, transcription, translation, control of gene expression, genetic engineering techniques, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, evolutionary change via natural selection, and genetic drift. Prerequisites: BIO 1130 and BIO 1131 and BIO 1330 and BIO 1331 and CHEM 1141 and CHEM 1142 and CHEM 1341 and CHEM 1342 all with grades of “C” or better.

BIO 2451. Human Anatomy and Physiology I.

This course is the first in a two-semester sequence in human anatomy and physiology designed to satisfy the 8-credit-hour Human Anatomy and Physiology requirement for admission to nursing and other health profession programs. Students gain proficiency via scaffolded learning outcomes, collaborative team-based laboratory work, and experiential exercises that reinforce core concepts across learning modalities. By the end of the course, students use appropriate terminology to describe the organization, structure, and function of the human body and to explain the anatomy and physiology of the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems. Prerequisite: BIO 1330 and CHEM 1341 with grades of “C” or better.

BIO 2452. Human Anatomy and Physiology II.

This course is the second in a two-semester sequence in human anatomy and physiology designed to satisfy the 8-credit-hour Human Anatomy and Physiology requirement for admission to nursing and other health profession programs. Students gain proficiency via scaffolded learning outcomes, collaborative team-based laboratory work, and experiential exercises that reinforce core concepts across learning modalities. By the end of the course, students use appropriate terminology to describe the organization, structure, and function of the human body with particular emphasis on the endocrine, cardiovascular, immune, pulmonary, digestive, renal, and reproductive systems. Prerequisites: BIO 2451 with a grade of “C” or better.

BIO 3210. Biology Pedagogy and Learning.

This course provides an introduction to pedagogical ideas relevant to the teaching and learning of biology in undergraduate settings. Students learn key education theories and methods from STEM education research and cognitive science. Students analyze instructional approaches based on empirical studies and evaluate factors that influence student engagement and achievement in STEM classrooms. Students apply course lessons to the teaching of biology as they collaborate with biology faculty as learning assistants for an undergraduate biology course and complete a final project. Prerequisite: Instructor approval.

BIO 3300. Cell and Molecular Biology.

This course provides a comprehensive overview of cell and molecular biology, focusing on the structure and function of cells, biomolecules, and genetic systems. It examines topics such as cellular chemistry, energy metabolism, protein structure and function, DNA replication and repair, and gene expression. Students also are exposed to molecular techniques such as PCR and cloning, membrane dynamics, and cellular energy processes. Instruction integrates lectures, problem-based activities, and assessment. Students describe core cellular processes and analyze molecular mechanisms underlying biological systems. Prerequisites: BIO 2450 or BIO 2316 with a grade of “C” or better.

BIO 3301. Biology of Sex and Reproduction.

This course examines the biology of sex and reproduction with an emphasis on vertebrates, integrating perspectives from evolutionary biology, genetics, anatomy, physiology, and behavioral ecology. Topics include the evolution of sexual reproduction, sex determination and differentiation, reproductive anatomy and endocrinology, reproductive cycling, fertilization, gestation, and parturition. The course also addresses reproductive technologies, sexually transmitted infections, and endocrine disruption. Students will examine mating systems and reproductive strategies across vertebrate taxa, connecting evolutionary and ecological frameworks to human reproductive biology. Prerequisite: [BIO 2450 or BIO 2316] with a grade of "C" or better.

BIO 3307. Global Biogeography: Patterns, Processes, and Conservation.

This course examines the spatial distribution of life on Earth and the ecological, climatic, and geological factors that shape patterns of biodiversity across biogeographical regions. Students explore historical and contemporary processes influencing species distributions, including speciation, extinction, dispersal, and island biogeography, as well as continental-scale biodiversity patterns. The course also considers how human activities influence global biodiversity and the relevance of biogeographical principles for conservation planning. Through analysis of case studies, species distribution models, and current scientific research, students develop the ability to interpret biogeographical patterns and evaluate factors shaping species distributions in a changing world. Prerequisite: BIO 1330 and BIO 1331 with grades of “C” or better.

BIO 3308. Global Ecology.

This course examines global environmental change using an Earth system science perspective, with emphasis on climate patterns, ecosystem responses, and biodiversity loss. Students explore the scientific foundations of environmental change and the interactions among climate, ecological systems, and human societies, including how different communities experience environmental challenges. Through analysis of scientific reports, case studies, and interdisciplinary readings, students evaluate environmental issues and potential responses at regional and global scales. By the end of the course, students will be able to interpret scientific evidence and assess strategies for addressing contemporary environmental challenges. Prerequisite: BIO 1130 and BIO 1131 and BIO 1330 and BIO 1331 with grades of “C” or better.

BIO 3332. R for Biologists.

This course broadly introduces the scientific programming language R for statistical computing. The course will focus on the programming aspects of R using the RStudio interactive development environment. Topics include fundamentals, such as accessing the RStudio environment, inputting and exporting data, visualizing data, declaring variables, and automating code with loops and functions. The course will consist of lectures on various aspects of scientific programming followed by an interactive R programming session. By the end of the course, students will be comfortable and proficient in scientific programming in R. Prerequisite: [BIO 2450 or BIO 2316] with a grade of “C” or better.

BIO 3341. Aquatic Toxicology.

This course will introduce students to the fundamentals of aquatic toxicology, focusing on contaminant fate, bioavailability, uptake, and effects in freshwater and marine organisms and ecosystems. Toxicity testing methods, dose-response curves, and risk assessment will be examined. Students review a variety of contaminants, including trace elements, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), oil, pesticides, radionuclides, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), plastics, pharmaceuticals, illegal drugs, and personal care products and assess their impacts within freshwater and marine environments. Through a series of case studies, students critique historical environmental disasters and investigate current national and global regulatory frameworks. Prerequisite: BIO 1331 and CHEM 1341 with grades of “C” or better.

BIO 3361. Introduction to Applied Bioinformatics.

This course provides an introduction to scripting and other computational techniques used for visualizing and analyzing biological data. Students will develop practical skills spanning command-line operations, scripting and automation, bioinformatic databases and methods, data visualization in R, and the design and implementation of bioinformatics workflows in both local and remote computing environments. Students will work with industry-standard programming languages and bioinformatics tools to apply these methods to real-world biological datasets. By the end of the course, students will have gained a solid foundation in broadly applicable bioinformatics skills essential for research and data-driven discovery in the life sciences. Prerequisite: BIO 2450 or BIO 2316 with a grade of "C" or higher.

BIO 3371. Marine Resources.

This course examines the exploitation, management, and conservation of marine resources and the fragility of marine ecosystems. Topics include ocean governance, fisheries management, aquaculture, harvesting of marine mammals, marine transportation, tourism, pollution, energy development, climate change, and marine protected areas. Students explore how ecological, economic, and policy factors shape decisions about ocean resource use through scientific literature, case studies, and current global examples. Emphasis is placed on evaluating sustainability challenges and considering practical management approaches that balance human use with long-term ecosystem health. Prerequisite: BIO 1331 with a grade of “C” or better.

BIO 3376. Introduction to Biotechnology.

This course provides an overview of the principles and applications of biotechnology, focusing on how biological systems are engineered to address challenges in medicine, agriculture, and environmental systems. It examines recombinant DNA technology, genetic modification, medical and agricultural biotechnology, and ethical considerations associated with emerging technologies. Instruction includes readings, lectures, discussions, and assessments to support concept development. Students analyze biotechnological approaches, evaluate their applications, and assess ethical considerations associated with technological advances. Prerequisite: BIO 1330 and BIO 1331 with grades of "D" or better.

BIO 3406. Economic Botany.

This course will compare major taxonomic groups of plants to analyze historical and contemporary uses of plants by humans. Topics to be examined include phylogenetics, taxonomy, anatomy, morphology, physiology, and biochemistry. Students will assess contributions of scientists and innovators in technological advancement shaping botany. Students will engage in laboratory activities and a group project that will provide hands-on exploration of plant structure and function, enabling students to evaluate the economic and ecological significance of plants. Prerequisite: BIO 2450 or [BIO 2316 and BIO 2116] with a grade of “C” or better.

BIO 3421. Vertebrate Physiology.

This course provides a study of the function of vertebrate organ systems, including the nervous system, musculoskeletal system, endocrine system, cardiovascular system, respiratory system, digestive system, reproductive system and urinary system. Mammalian systems are emphasized; reptilian and piscine respiratory and osmoregulatory systems are covered as well. Students learn how systems interact with one another and normally function to maintain homeostasis. In lab, principles are reinforced, and students learn how to execute techniques, analyze and present results and design and carryout their own experiments. Prerequisite: BIO 2450 or BIO 2316 with a grade of "C" or better.

BIO 3425. Human Anatomy.

This course introduces students to the macro- (gross) and microanatomy of the human body. Through both lecture and lab experiences, students explore aspects of subcellular structures, cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems, with a focus on the connectivity between anatomical structures and the important relationship between form and function. In the laboratory, students engage in hands-on exploration using tools such as preserved specimens, diagrams, 3-D models, videos, and computer simulations. Students analyze how anatomical features are organized across levels of biological structure and evaluate relationships between form and function in the human body. Prerequisite: BIO 1330 and BIO 1130 and BIO 1331 and BIO 1131 and CHEM 1341 and CHEM 1141 and CHEM 1342 and CHEM 1142 with grades of "C" or better.

BIO 3426. Human Physiology.

This course focuses on exploring how the human body functions correctly to maintain homeostasis and health. Body function will be examined from the sub-cellular to the organismal level. A systems base approach will be used to explore topics such as the nervous system, muscular system, endocrine system, cardiovascular system, respiratory system, digestive system, exocrine system, and reproductive system. Upon completion of this course students understand the function and interconnectivity of multiple organ systems in humans. Prerequisite: BIO 2450 or BIO 2316 with a grade of "C" or better.

BIO 3430. Mycology.

This course examines the biology of fungi, including their taxonomy, morphology, life cycles, and ecological roles. Major fungal groups and fungus-like organisms are emphasized with attention to ecology, biodiversity, and evolutionary relationships. Students explore the roles of fungi as decomposers, mutualists, and pathogens and their significance to ecosystems, plants, wildlife, domesticated animals and crops, and humans. The course emphasizes fungal diversity and classification while providing foundational knowledge relevant to organismal biology, ecology, microbiology, and environmental science. Prerequisites: [BIO 2400 or BIO 2410] and [BIO 2450 or (BIO 2316 and BIO 2116)] with grades of “C” or better.

BIO 3442. Virology.

This course examines the structure, replication, and genetics of bacterial and animal viruses, with emphasis on molecular mechanisms of infection and disease. Topics include viral structure and assembly, genome replication strategies, host–virus interactions, immune responses, vaccines and unconventional infectious agents such as prions. Through lectures, active learning activities and case studies, students will apply core virology principles to analyze viral replication cycles, compare major virus families, and evaluate mechanisms of viral pathogenesis and prevention. Prerequisites: BIO 2400 and [BIO 2450 or (BIO 2316 and BIO 2116)] with grades of “C” or better.

BIO 3460. Aquatic Ecology.

This course introduces the diversity and ecology of aquatic organisms and the ecological processes that shape freshwater ecosystems such as streams and lakes. It explores how aquatic organisms are adapted to their environments, what factors drive their distribution, and how human activities impact aquatic ecosystems. Through lectures, readings, field sampling, laboratory exercises, and a team-based research project, students learn to apply ecological concepts, design studies, and analyze data in real-world contexts. By the end of the course, students will be able to identify major groups of aquatic organisms, summarize and interpret scientific literature, analyze ecological data, and communicate findings effectively. Prerequisite: BIO 4416 with a grade of "C" or better.

BIO 3461. Plant Taxonomy.

This course introduces the basic methods and principles of biological systematics with an emphasis on the vascular plants. Lectures include discussions of the factors responsible for the diversity of the world’s flora, the history of classification, and the development of the modern system for classifying plants. Laboratories provide students with the knowledge and skills necessary for recognizing and making accurate identifications of the major groups of flowering plants with an emphasis on the central Texas flora. Prerequisite: BIO 2450 or BIO 2316 with a grade of “C” or better.

BIO 3480. Histology.

This course provides a study of the structural and functional relationships between cells and tissues in organs. Students examine the microscopic structure of tissues and organ systems, emphasizing the relationship between cellular organization and physiological function. Lectures cover methods of tissue preparation, fixation, and staining, including their biochemical foundations. The laboratory includes hands-on use of light microscopy to observe and interpret histological specimens. The course emphasizes analysis of structure–function relationships relevant to advanced study in the biological and health sciences. Prerequisite: BIO 1330 and CHEM 1342 with grades of “C” or better.

BIO 4126. Immunology Laboratory.

This course provides hands-on experience with fundamental immunological techniques used to investigate immune cells, antibodies, and serological interactions. Students perform and analyze experiments such as ELISA, immunoblotting, immunofluorescence, blood typing, and immunodiffusion while examining clinical and research applications of these methods. Emphasis is placed on experimental design, data interpretation, and proper laboratory technique. Through laboratory work, case studies, and primary literature analysis, students strengthen technical skills and scientific communication essential for careers in biomedical research and healthcare. Prerequisite: BIO 2400 and [BIO 2450 or (BIO 2316 and 2116)] with grades of "C" or better. Corequisite: BIO 4326 with a grade of "C" or better.

BIO 4166. Medical Microbiology Laboratory.

This course provides hands-on training in medical microbiology, focusing on the isolation, identification, and characterization of microorganisms associated with human disease. Students investigate topics such as disease transmission, antimicrobial activity, normal human microflora, and molecular diagnostic techniques through structured laboratory experiments and case-based activities. Students participate in laboratory sessions emphasizing aseptic techniques, data collection, analysis, and scientific communication. By the end of the course, students will be able to interpret experimental results, apply microbiological methods, and evaluate the role of microbes in health and disease in real-world contexts. Corequisites: BIO 4366 with a grade of a "C" or better.

BIO 4176. Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory.

This course provides an applied laboratory experience in microbial biotechnology, focusing on experimental approaches used to analyze and manipulate microbial systems. It examines techniques including PCR amplification, recombinant DNA methods, cloning, bacterial transformation, protein expression, and purification using electrophoresis and chromatography. Instruction emphasizes hands-on experimentation, data collection, and documentation through laboratory notebooks and collaborative case studies. Students perform molecular and microbiological techniques, interpret experimental results, and evaluate methodological approaches used to investigate microbial systems. Corequisite: BIO 4376 with a grade of "D" or better.

BIO 4299. Undergraduate Research.

This course entails individual research projects conducted under the supervision of a biology professor. Based on interactions across the expanse of investigations carried out in Biology, the experience at its heart entails discovery and documentation, employing techniques appropriate to the research question and bringing greater relevance to the coursework undertaken across disciplines in the pursuit of a bachelor's degree. Students typically find themselves in a research group and learn scientific communication in addition to research design and execution. Prerequisite: Minimum 3.0 Texas State GPA and instructor approval.

BIO 4300. Neurobiology.

This course gives students an overview of neurobiology, spanning from the cell and molecular to the system levels. Students will learn the principles underlying the function of neurons and will apply that knowledge throughout the course as they study sensory systems, motor systems and how the nervous system develops. Lectures emphasize the experimental advancements that led to the current understanding of neurobiology as well as the gaps that remain with the goal of promoting inquisitiveness and critical thinking. Prerequisite: [BIO 2450 or BIO 2316] with a grade of “C” or better.

BIO 4301. Evolution.

This course introduces the foundational principles of biological evolution, encompassing the history of evolutionary thought, population biology, mechanisms of evolution, micro- and macroevolution, speciation, and the history of life on Earth. Topics span from molecular-level processes to broad patterns across geological time, providing a comprehensive view of biodiversity and change. The history of evolutionary thought, population-level processes, and the mechanisms driving speciation are examined through primary literature, case studies, and data analysis. The course culminates in an integrated understanding of how micro- and macroevolutionary processes have shaped the history of life on Earth. Prerequisite: BIO 2450 or BIO 2316 with a grade of “C” or better.

BIO 4304. Wildlife and Recreation: Impact, Policy, and Management.

This course examines the ecological and social dimensions of wildlife recreation, including the impacts of tourism and outdoor activities on wildlife populations and habitats. Emphasis is placed on historical and contemporary management approaches used to balance conservation objectives with recreational access. Students analyze case studies and applied examples to evaluate how recreation influences wildlife systems and management decisions. Through structured problem-solving exercises, students develop the ability to assess recreation-related challenges and apply management principles in wildlife conservation contexts. Prerequisite: BIO 4416 with a grade of "C" or better.

BIO 4307. Ecology of Rarity.

This course examines ecological and evolutionary explanations for species rarity, emphasizing patterns, processes, and definitions used in contemporary biology. Topics include the species concept, speciation, extinction dynamics, biodiversity measurement, and ecological correlates of rarity across spatial and temporal scales. Students analyze empirical literature on rare taxa, including threatened, endemic, and rediscovered species, and evaluate how rarity influences conservation assessment and management. Scientific, philosophical, and policy perspectives are integrated to explore how rarity is defined, measured, and interpreted in ecological research. Emphasis is placed on critical analysis of primary literature, synthesis of biological data, and clear scientific communication. Prerequisite: BIO 4416 with a grade of "D" or better.

BIO 4308. Global Change Biology.

This course examines major, large-scale drivers of change in biological systems and their effects on ecosystem structure and function. Topics include variation in atmospheric and climatic conditions, invasive species, eutrophication, land use, and biodiversity patterns. Emphasis is placed on analysis of primary scientific literature and quantitative evaluation of ecological data to understand processes operating across spatial and temporal scales. Students develop skills in interpreting empirical studies, assessing model outputs, and synthesizing information to evaluate ecological responses to environmental variation. Prerequisite: BIO 2450 or BIO 2316 with a grade of "C" or better.

BIO 4311. Cancer Biology.

This course provides a foundation for understanding the complex molecular, biochemical, and cellular processes associated with cancer development. Topics include the role of tumor suppressor genes, oncogenes, DNA repair, apoptosis, the extracellular matrix, cell-cycle control, cell signaling pathways, immune function, and cancer-causing viruses. Emerging diagnostic and therapeutic approaches are also examined. The course emphasizes the molecular and cellular basis of cancer and the biological mechanisms underlying current diagnostic and treatment strategies. Prerequisite: BIO 2450 or BIO 2316 with a grade of "C" or better.

BIO 4312. Genomics.

This course provides a comprehensive introduction to the principles and applications of modern genomics. Core topics include genome structure and function, the human genome, comparative genomics, high-throughput sequencing technologies, and genomic evolution. Students examine the role of genomics in health and disease, with emphasis on cancer genomics and pharmacogenomics, as well as transcriptomics, proteomics, and bioinformatics. Ethical, legal, and social implications (ELSI) associated with genomic research and its emerging applications and innovation in medicine and science are also critically explored. Prerequisite: [BIO 2450 or (BIO 2316 and BIO 2116)] with a grade of "C" or better.

BIO 4317. Interpretive Biology Programming and Design.

This course will explore the principles and methods of interpretation and science communication used by the National Association for Interpretation, National Park Service, science museums, environmental centers, and state park systems to spark public interest and engagement in learning about natural environments and biology. This course will provide opportunities to practice biology communication skills in both personal and non-personal contexts by creating and leading science outreach programming, reading interpretive literature, and evaluating other interpretive media. Service-learning is an integral and mandatory part of this course. Prerequisite: [BIO 2410 or BIO 2411 or BIO 4327 or BIO 4374] with a grade of "D" or better.

BIO 4318. Wildlife Policy and Law.

This course examines the historical, legal, and institutional foundations of wildlife policy and law in North America, with emphasis on the United States and Texas. Students analyze federal treaties, statutes, case law, and regulatory frameworks that shape wildlife management and conservation practice. Using comparative and historical approaches, the course investigates how local, national, and international policy instruments structure decision‑making and governance in wildlife conservation. Emphasis is placed on developing skills in interpreting statutory language, regulatory guidance, and policy analyses within their legal and institutional contexts. The course is intended for students in wildlife biology and related programs seeking an analytical understanding of wildlife law and policy. Corequisite: BIO 4423 or BIO 4435 with a grade of "C" or better.

BIO 4319. Biological Resources: Conservation and Planning.

This course introduces the protection, management, planning, and sustainable use of populations, species, habitats, and ecosystems. Topics include methods for analyzing biodiversity, population regulation, sustainable harvest, and the design of nature reserves, as well as the historical development of conservation in the United States. Students examine conservation concepts through scientific literature, case studies, and applied examples. Emphasis is placed on analyzing strategies for protecting biological resources and evaluating planning approaches that support long-term ecosystem stability and resource sustainability. Corequisite: BIO 4416 with a grade of "D" or better.

BIO 4324. Natural History and Conservation of Large Mammals.

This course provides a comprehensive study of large mammals, including ecology, behavior, life history, distribution, and evolutionary relationships, with emphasis on sylvan species native to North America including both marine and terrestrial species. Content addresses distinctive anthropogenic factors influencing the management and conservation of this group of mammals, many of which are species of conservation concern. Instruction is delivered through lectures, analysis of scientific literature, and field based activities. Students examine reasons behind endangerment status, evaluate management practices, and apply conservation assessment techniques in scientific contexts.

BIO 4326. Immunology.

This course examines the cellular and molecular mechanisms of the immune system and its role in health and disease. Topics include innate and adaptive immunity, B and T cell activation and regulation, antigen processing and presentation, and immunological memory. Students examine immune-mediated diseases, hypersensitivities, autoimmunity, transplantation, and cancer immunology. By integrating molecular concepts with clinical case studies, the course highlights how immune function influences health, disease progression, and therapeutic strategies. Prerequisite: BIO 2400 and [BIO 2450 or BIO 2316] with grades of "C" or better.

BIO 4327. Issues in Irish Biodiversity and Conservation.

This course focuses on exploring issues related to Irish flora and fauna, ecosystems, conservation strategies in areas of high ecological concern, and public involvement in conservation. Emphasis is placed on working through case studies and interacting with practical examples of conservation projects as shared by local experts. The course will integrate historical events related to invasive species introductions, resource harvesting, and natural biological disasters as we discuss strategies for conserving and restoring biodiversity. It also draws comparisons to relevant practices in Texas. Prerequisite: Instructor Approval.

BIO 4328. Field Biology of Ireland.

This course focuses on building field biology research skills by using common field biology tools (e.g., quadrats, measuring tapes, field guides, binoculars, topography maps, and digital meters) and practicing multiple field techniques (e.g., transects, sweep nets, kick sampling, and camera trapping) to carry out ecological field surveys documenting local biodiversity in Ireland. Students apply advanced field research skills during on-site ecological surveys conducted with area experts to generate authentic biodiversity data for Irish community partners. Prerequisite: Instructor Approval.

BIO 4329. Raptor Ecology.

This course examines the ecology, biology, and diversity of diurnal birds of prey, with emphasis on form, function, and ecological roles within terrestrial ecosystems. Topics include raptor anatomy and physiology, sensory systems, evolution and phylogenetics, taxonomy, foraging ecology, and conservation. Students analyze primary scientific literature and develop species profiles to understand how raptors function as apex predators and indicators of ecosystem dynamics. Integrating ecological theory with applied case studies builds foundational skills in biological analysis and scientific communication relevant to ecology and wildlife biology. Prerequisite: BIO 4416 with a grade of "C" or better.

BIO 4331. Human Dimensions of Wildlife and Fisheries Conservation.

This course examines the role of human dimensions in wildlife and fisheries conservation, including cultural, political, economic, and social influences on management outcomes across local, national, and global contexts, with emphasis on North America and Texas. Students analyze case studies and interdisciplinary research to evaluate how human values, institutions, and behaviors shape conservation policy and practice. Through applied inquiry and problem-based analysis, students develop the ability to assess management strategies and integrate human dimensions concepts into evidence-based decision-making. Prerequisite: BIO 4416 with a grade of "C" or better.

BIO 4332. Biology in Film and Television: An Analysis of the Biology in Fiction and Non-Fiction Film and TV.

This course explores how biology is portrayed in popular motion pictures, with an emphasis on analyzing biological accuracy, misconceptions perpetuated or depicted, and investigating the rationale behind directors' and writers' decisions about how biological content is presented. Students will watch a curated list of fiction films, non-fiction documentaries, fiction television episodes, and/or non-fiction docu-series with topics ranging from terrestrial ecology to public health. Students will gain the skills to review and analyze film and television media for scientific accuracy and inaccuracy. Prerequisite: BIO 1330 and BIO 1130 and BIO 1331 and BIO 1131 with grades of "D" or better.

BIO 4333. International Studies of Plant Ecology and Conservation.

This course provides a first-hand understanding of the natural history, biodiversity, ecology, conservation, and culture of African bushveld ecosystems with a focus on plants. The course is an immersive and intensive study abroad experience combining traditional lecture and field-based instruction in the African bushveld. Instruction uses traditional lectures, guided ecological field work, and written assignments to emphasize plant identification, ecosystem processes, and conservation practices. Students develop skills in ecological observation and scientific communication while analyzing conservation challenges and opportunities in southern Africa. Corequisite: BIO 4334 with a grade of "C" or better.

BIO 4334. International Studies of Wildlife Ecology and Natural History.

This course provides a first-hand understanding of the natural history, biodiversity, ecology, behavior, conservation, and culture of African bushveld ecosystems with a focus on wildlife. This immersive and intensive study abroad experience combines traditional lecture and field-based instruction in the African bushveld. Instruction uses traditional lectures, guided ecological field work, and written assignments to emphasize wildlife identification, ecosystem processes, and conservation practices. Students develop skills in ecological observation and scientific communication while analyzing conservation challenges and opportunities in southern Africa. Corequisite: BIO 4333 with a grade of "C" or better.

BIO 4337. Biology and Conservation of Sharks.

This course examines the biology, ecology, and conservation of sharks and their relatives, including skates, rays, chimaeras, and sawfish. Topics include evolutionary history, anatomy and physiology, behavior, diet, reproduction, migration, and human and fisheries interactions. Students explore conservation challenges, research methods, and management strategies through scientific literature, field methods, and current real-world examples. Emphasis is placed on evaluating ecological roles, population vulnerability, and approaches that promote healthy shark populations and advance scientific knowledge of elasmobranchs. Prerequisite: BIO 1331 with a grade of “C” or better.

BIO 4338. Tropical Ecology and Conservation.

This course examines ecological patterns and processes in tropical ecosystems, with emphasis on biodiversity, species interactions, and environmental gradients across tropical regions. Topics include tropical biogeography, succession, coevolution, and conservation of tropical ecosystems, using Costa Rica as a representative system. Students analyze field observations and scientific literature to evaluate ecological relationships and conservation challenges in tropical environments. Analytical outcomes include interpreting ecological data and explaining the patterns of diversity and ecosystem function across tropical systems. Prerequisite: BIO 1330 and BIO 1331 with grades of "C" or better and a 2.0 Overall GPA.

BIO 4339. Environmental Physiology of Animals.

This course examines animals’ physiological responses to environmental challenges, including temperature, moisture, salinity, gas partial pressures, food availability, and toxins across terrestrial and aquatic habitats. Through lectures, case studies, and comparative analyses, students investigate homeostatic regulation, stress responses, and evolutionary adaptations across diverse animal taxa and ecosystems. Students analyze evidence to explain physiological principles underlying animal responses to environmental change and compare how different species persist under variable ecological conditions and shifting environmental constraints globally. Prerequisite: [BIO 2450 or BIO 2316] with a grade of "C" or better.

BIO 4343. Fish Physiology.

This course examines primary physiological functions in fish, including sensory systems, metabolism, respiration, digestion, excretion, reproduction, and water balance across diverse aquatic environments. Through lectures, laboratory activities, and analysis of current literature, students investigate how organ systems interact to support homeostasis and survival under changing environmental conditions. Students evaluate physiological adaptations in fish, explain functional responses to environmental challenges, and analyze how different species persist across freshwater and marine ecosystems. Prerequisite: [BIO 2400 or BIO 2411] and [BIO 2450 or (BIO 2316 and BIO 2116)] with grades of "C" or better.

BIO 4344. Vertebrate Endocrinology.

This course explores the function and organization of the endocrine system. It describes the major endocrine glands, the synthesis and release of their hormone products, and their effect on target tissues. Endocrine control of digestion, growth, reproduction, and homeostasis will be compared between mammals and other vertebrate groups, and case studies will be examined to reveal the consequences of dysfunction in the endocrine system. Primary literature covering endocrinology will be critically evaluated. Prerequisite: [BIO 2450 or (BIO 2316 and BIO 2116)] and CHEM 2342 all with grades of "C" or better.

BIO 4346. Comparative Immunology.

This course will consist of a taxonomic survey of metazoan immune systems, focusing on the ecological and evolutionary causes and consequences of variation in immune systems across animals. While most textbooks present the immune system of animals as a single, universal system, in fact, there is immense variability in animal immune systems. Surveying the animal tree of life as a guide, we will explore both foundational concepts in immunology and the evolution of diversity in immune systems across animals. Prerequisite: BIO 2450 or BIO 2316 with a grade of "C" or better.

BIO 4350M. Wildlife Policy and Law in North America.

This course provides the student with a historical and cultural context within which wildlife policy and law have developed in North America, particularly in the United States. Federal treaties, statutes, case law, and regulations pertaining to wildlife will be presented. Wildlife law from representative states will be referenced as well. Corequisite: BIO 4423 or BIO 4435 either with a grade of "C" or better.

BIO 4350Z. Diversity and Cultural Impact of Geoparks.

This course will explore the biological differences in ecological diversity in city/state parks, national parks, and geoparks globally. Students will explore the impacts of the parks on the local community and national policy by focusing on differences in science communication strategies and community engagement practices at the parks. Students will analyze the science content depicted and implementation of communication strategies in static and dynamic messaging within the parks. Students will gain a comprehensive understanding of the intersection between science content, science communication, and community engagement on global conservation science. Prerequisite: Instructor approval.

BIO 4351A. Vertebrate Endocrinology.

This course teaches function and organization of the endocrine system. It describes the major endocrine glands, the synthesis and release of their hormone products, and the interaction with target tissues. Endocrine control of digestion, growth, reproduction, and homeostasis will be compared between mammals and other vertebrate groups. Prerequisite: BIO 2450 and CHEM 2342 both with grades of "C" or better.

BIO 4351F. Marine Ecology and Conservation.

In this field course students will examine the ecology, management, and conservation of marine flora and fauna, and the impact of humans on marine life. Prerequisite: BIO 1331 and BIO 1131 both with grades of “C” or better and a minimum 2.5 overall GPA and instructor approval.

BIO 4351R. Infectious Diseases.

This course examines the biological, historical, and societal dimensions of infectious diseases, focusing on how pathogens emerge, spread, and influence public health systems. Students investigate major infectious agents, mechanisms of transmission, and host immune responses while considering the historical development of epidemiology and disease control. Through lectures, case studies, primary sources, and field visits to sites significant to the history of public health, students analyze infectious disease events and evaluate their scientific and societal implications. Prerequisite: [BIO 2400 or 2440] or [BIO 2450 or 2316] or BIO 2451 with a grade of "C" or better.

BIO 4360. Molecular Biology.

This course introduces the fundamental principles of molecular biology, focusing on the structure, function, and regulation of DNA, RNA, and proteins. It examines key processes such as replication, transcription, translation, gene regulation, and contemporary biotechnological applications. Instruction integrates conceptual analysis with problem-solving and evaluation of experimental data through lectures, problem-solving, and case-based approaches. Students will be able to explain molecular mechanisms, interpret experimental results, and apply molecular biology concepts to analyze biological systems and contemporary scientific questions. Prerequisite: BIO 2450 or BIO 2316 or CHEM 3375 or CHEM 4375 with a grade of "D" or better.

BIO 4363. History of Medicine.

This course examines significant concepts, developments, individuals, and events in the history of medicine from antiquity to modern era. Topics include how disease has shaped medical practice, the rise of hospitals as centers for care and the ways medical science is influenced by cultural and political contexts. Historical analysis explores the development of modern medical ethics and the evolving doctor–patient relationship. Students engage with primary sources and case studies to understand how past medical practices shape contemporary healthcare. Prerequisite: BIO 2400 or BIO 2440 or BIO 2450 or BIO 2316 or BIO 2451 with a grade of “C” or better.

BIO 4364. Explorations in Physiology.

This course will cover the basic principles of physiological systems and the function of organ systems with an emphasis on humans and other mammals. The focus will be on the interplay between and among multiple organ systems and holistic systems integration. Other topics include the pathophysiology underlying common diseases, drug therapies and treatments, and emerging physiological research. This course will also provide the opportunity for experiential learning gained in diverse cultural settings. Prerequisite: BIO 2400 or BIO 2440 or BIO 2450 or (BIO 2316 and BIO 2116) or BIO 2451 with a grade of "C" or better.

BIO 4366. Medical Microbiology.

This course provides an overview of medically important microorganisms, focusing on pathogenic bacteria, fungi, and parasites and their roles in human disease. It examines mechanisms of pathogenicity, host–microbe interactions, epidemiology, and antimicrobial resistance, along with approaches used to identify and study infectious agents. Instruction combines interactive lectures, case-based discussions, and real-time assessments to connect concepts with disease scenarios. Students analyze infectious diseases, interpret microbiological data, and evaluate factors influencing disease transmission and control. Prerequisites: BIO 2400 and [BIO 2450 or BIO 2316] with grades of "C" or better.

BIO 4374. Principles of Zoo Management.

This course introduces the principles of captive animal management within conservation- and education-based facilities such as zoos. It examines the biological, ethical, and institutional frameworks that guide modern zoo operations, including animal husbandry, animal welfare, nutrition, behavior, enrichment, population management, and conservation planning. Course content is delivered through lectures, case studies, discussions, and applied interactive assignments that evaluate real-world zoo practices. By the end of the course, students will be able to analyze how zoological institutions contribute to conservation and assess best practices in captive animal management within contemporary regulatory and conservation contexts. Prerequisite: BIO 2411 with a grade of "C" or better.

BIO 4376. Microbial Biotechnology.

This course provides an overview of how microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, and yeast, are engineered to address real-world challenges through biotechnology. It examines applied microbiology topics such as microbial genetics, metabolic engineering, industrial fermentation, and microbial applications in medicine, agriculture, environmental remediation, and bio-based product development. Instruction combines lectures, case studies, and analysis of contemporary research to connect theory with application. Students analyze and evaluate microbial biotechnological strategies used to address practical problems in industrial, environmental, and medical contexts. Prerequisite: BIO 2400 and [BIO 2450 or BIO 2316] with grades of "C" or better.

BIO 4400. Plants Important for Wildlife.

This course will provide students with field-based experience in the identification and taxonomy of plants and plant parts, using accurate botanical terminology. Students will examine the co-evolution of plant defense mechanisms and the adaptive strategies plants have developed in response to herbivory and environmental pressures. The course also investigates the ecological impacts of plant use by wildlife, emphasizing the interdependent relationships between plant communities and the animal species that rely on them for food, shelter, and survival. Prerequisite: BIO 2410 or [BIO 2450 or (BIO 2316 and BIO 2116)] with grades of "C" or better.

BIO 4402. Earth Science I.

This course is part of a two-part course series that provides pre-service 4-8 educators with a survey of Earth Science concepts necessary for teaching at the middle school level. This course provides a survey of major concepts in astronomy, meteorology, and climatology along with the effect of those factors on the biosphere. Scientific inquiry is emphasized in this course. Students will address these Earth and space concepts through a combination of lecture, field observations, modeling, and scientific investigations.

BIO 4403. Earth Science II.

This course is part of a two-part course series that provides pre-service 4-8 educators with a survey of Earth Science concepts necessary for teaching at the middle level. Students are provided with a survey of major concepts in physical and historical geology and addresses the interaction between the geosphere and biosphere. Scientific inquiry is emphasized in this course. Students will address these Earth science concepts through a combination of lecture, field observations, modeling, and scientific investigations.

BIO 4408. Scientific Practices and Pedagogy.

This course provides future secondary science teachers with an overview of scientific inquiry, with emphasis on designing and facilitating scientific investigations and their importance in science pedagogy. Students will engage with the content of this course through a combination of lecture and laboratory approaches in collaboration with their peers. Students will practice field and laboratory techniques that are applicable in the secondary classroom, design, conduct, and communicate the results of scientific investigations, and design and facilitate inquiry-based lessons for the secondary classroom.

BIO 4410. Field Biology of Plants.

This course provides an introduction to the major natural regions of the State of Texas, the principal plant communities that characterize each of these regions, and the factors that combine to influence and determine the distribution of plant communities across the landscape. Laboratories are primarily field trips to various natural regions throughout the central Texas region that emphasize the recognition of plant community characteristics and provide students with the tools and techniques important for field identification. Prerequisite: BIO 2450 or BIO 2316 with a grade of “C” or better.

BIO 4411. Morphology of the Vascular Plants.

This course focuses on the structure, function, and evolution of living and fossil vascular plants, including the ferns, gymnosperms, and flowering plants. In both lecture and lab, students are introduced to the basic structure and functioning of plant organs and reproductive structures through a comparative approach that enables them to understand plant diversity, adaptation, and evolutionary history. Specialized topics, such as the origin of land plants, evolution of the ovule, angiospermy, and the evolution of the flower are emphasized. Prerequisites: BIO 2450 or BIO 2316 with a grade of “C” or better.

BIO 4412. Plant Anatomy.

This course introduces students to the basic structure of vascular plants at varying levels. In both lecture and lab, students are introduced to the cell and tissue types that form the major organs of the plant body (stems, roots, leaves, flowers, fruits, and seeds). Students analyze how plant structure is correlated with physiological functioning and environmental adaptation. Emphasis is placed on characteristics that are of importance in understanding phylogenetic relationships among the extant groups of vascular plants. Prerequisites: BIO 2450 or BIO 2316 with a grade of “C” or better.

BIO 4415. Ichthyology.

BIO 4415 Ichthyology provides a foundation in fish biology and evolution and supports preparation for careers involving fish biology. The course strengthens competencies in comparative analysis, phylogenetic reasoning, and biological classification—core skills aligned with national recommendations for undergraduate biology education. It bridges lower-level courses with upper-division organismal courses, ensuring curricular coherence and preparation for graduate study, professional programs, and workforce pathways in environmental science, wildlife management, and biological research. Prerequisites: BIO 2411 with a grade of “C” or better.

BIO 4416. General Ecology.

This course examines the ecological principles that govern the distribution, abundance, and interactions of organisms across multiple levels of biological organization, including individuals, populations, communities, and ecosystems. Students explore ecological processes such as population growth, species interactions, community dynamics, and ecological succession, as well as landscape-level patterns of biodiversity. Through analysis of ecological models, scientific literature, and case studies, students investigate how ecological systems function and respond to environmental change. The course emphasizes interpretation of ecological patterns and evaluation of processes influencing biodiversity and ecosystem dynamics. Prerequisites: BIO 2400 or BIO 2410 or BIO 2411 with a grade of “C” or better.

BIO 4418. Field Ornithology.

This course introduces students to avian species with an emphasis on Texas birds and provides advanced knowledge of the application of various field and laboratory techniques and statistical methods used to study them. Topics include survey methodology, sampling design, marking/banding, measurement/sample extraction, and aging/sexing avian species. A strong emphasis is placed on using results from field and laboratory methods to make inferences about the habitat and ecosystem within which the data were collected. Students will practice identifying birds using diagnostic characteristics, including visual and auditory identification, and collecting data on avian species. Prerequisite: BIO 2411 and [BIO 2450 or (BIO 2316 and BIO 2116)] with grades of “C” or better.

BIO 4420. Natural History of the Vertebrates.

This course examines the diversity, evolution, and ecological strategies of vertebrate taxa, emphasizing how anatomical, physiological, and behavioral traits contribute to survival and reproduction. Major topics include vertebrate origins, taxonomy, speciation, functional morphology, perception, locomotion, resource acquisition, environmental relationships, social systems, mating strategies, and parental care. Instruction combines lectures with guided discussions and laboratory exercises focused on taxonomic identification and comparative functional trait morphology. The course emphasizes interpretation of vertebrate diversity within an evolutionary framework and analysis of how form and function shape ecological interactions across major vertebrate lineages. Prerequisites: BIO 2411 and [BIO 2450 or BIO 2316] with grades of "C" or better.

BIO 4421. Ornithology.

This course introduces students to the evolutionary origins and biodiversity of birds, their anatomy and physiology, behavioral ecology, and conservation, with an emphasis on Texas birds. Strong emphasis is placed on using content to make larger observations and inferences about the environment. The laboratory emphasizes bird identification, habitat requirements, and conservation. Students will practice identifying birds using diagnostic characteristics, including visual and auditory identification. Students are introduced to the field of ornithology and to basic techniques for studying birds. Prerequisites: BIO 2411 and [BIO 2450 or (BIO 2316 and BIO 2116)] with grades of “C” or better.

BIO 4422. Mammalogy.

This course provides a comprehensive study of mammals, including taxonomy, distribution, ecology, behavior, and evolutionary relationships, with emphasis on sylvan species native to the southwestern United States. Content addresses mammalian ecology and human-driven factors influencing management and conservation of wild mammal populations. Instruction is delivered through lectures, analysis of scientific literature, and systematic examination of specimens, with laboratory activities focused on anatomical study, identification, and preparation of specimens, along with methods in field-based population analysis. Students analyze mammalian diversity, evaluate ecological relationships, and apply classification and population assessment techniques in scientific contexts. Prerequisites: BIO 2411 and [BIO 2450 or (BIO 2316 and BIO 2116)] with grades of “C” or better.

BIO 4423. Wildlife Management.

This course provides a comprehensive knowledge of ecological principles, habitat manipulation, and population dynamics to manage wild species and their habitats. Content addresses the application of ecological and natural history principles in managing wildlife habitats and controlling wildlife populations. Instruction is delivered through lectures, analysis of scientific literature, and systematic discussion of multimedia materials. Laboratory activities focus on demonstrations, field-based population monitoring, habitat analysis, and development of wildlife management plans. Students distinguish management strategies and devise plans for measuring, mapping, and monitoring species to develop sustainable conservation strategies. Prerequisites: BIO 2411 and [BIO 2450 or (BIO 2316 and BIO 2116)] with grades of “C” or better and BIO 2410 with a grade of "D" or better.

BIO 4424A. Microbial Symbiosis.

This course surveys key topics related to microbial symbioses, moving from cellular biology to ecology and evolutionary theory while comparing mutualistic and antagonistic relationships. Symbiotic associations between eukaryotic hosts and microbes are examined as drivers of ecological and evolutionary processes. Instruction includes lecture-based content and research-based experiential learning focused on the biological principles governing these interactions. Prerequisite: BIO 2450 or BIO 2316 with a grade of "C" or better.

BIO 4425. Biometry.

This course introduces statistical methods as applied to biological research, including sampling techniques, experimental design, probability theory, hypothesis testing, data analysis, and population modeling. Topics address the role of critical thinking in scientific decision making, variability, statistical inference, confidence intervals, regression, and interpretation of quantitative biological data in experimental and observational studies. Students apply quantitative reasoning and statistical software to analyze datasets, assess sources of bias and error, and evaluate research findings. The course emphasizes critical examination of scientific literature, interpretation of statistical outputs, assessment of analytical assumptions and limitations, and construction of evidence-based conclusions from biological data. Prerequisite: [MATH 1315 or MATH 2321 or MATH 2328 or MATH 2417 or MATH 2471] and [BIO 2400 or BIO 2410 or BIO 2411] with grades of "C" or better.

BIO 4429. Wetland Plant Ecology and Management.

This course examines the structure and function of wetland ecosystems with emphasis on the biological, physical, and chemical processes that shape these systems. Topics include wetland classification, hydrology, nutrient dynamics, plant adaptations, and community organization. It also addresses approaches to wetland management and restoration. Students engage in field and laboratory activities, including plant identification and analysis of ecological data, to evaluate wetland processes across spatial scales. Emphasis is placed on applying ecological concepts to interpret patterns in wetland vegetation and ecosystem function. Prerequisite: [BIO 2410 or BIO 2450 or BIO 2316] with a grade of "C" or better.

BIO 4432. Microbial Genomics.

This course provides students with the computational knowledge and skills to investigate the function, ecology, and evolution of microorganisms. Topics span current sequencing technologies, genomics and transcriptomics approaches, and command-line and R programming tools used to analyze microbial genomic data. The course emphasizes analysis of microbial genomics data using modern computational methods and conceptual frameworks to investigate microbial diversity and function, supporting development of skills relevant to data-driven research in the microbial sciences. Prerequisite: BIO 2400 and [BIO 2450 or BIO 2316] with grades of "C" or better.

BIO 4434. Herpetology.

This course focuses on the origin and evolution of amphibians and reptiles, including their reproductive and physiological strategies, taxonomy and systematics, and population biology. Emphasis is placed on North American species, particularly those inhabiting Texas. The course highlights the use of biological concepts to make broader observations about environmental patterns and processes. Laboratory activities emphasize identification of amphibians and reptiles, their habitat requirements, and conservation, including the use of diagnostic visual and auditory characteristics. Prerequisites: BIO 2411 and [BIO 2450 or (BIO 2316 and BIO 2116)] with grades of “C” or better.

BIO 4435. Techniques in Wildlife Management.

This course covers fundamental methods of practical wildlife management and research, including techniques for monitoring wildlife populations, collecting ecological data, and assessing habitat and population dynamics. Topics include wildlife capture, handling, tagging, and data management in applied field settings. Instruction is delivered through lectures and field-based experiences, including structured field exercises and data collection activities. Students apply wildlife management techniques, evaluate population and habitat data, and use field and analytical methods to assess wildlife populations and ecological conditions. Prerequisites: BIO 2411 with a grade of "D" or better.

BIO 4441. Cellular Physiology.

This course examines the molecular mechanisms of cellular function with an emphasis on thermodynamic principles and energy metabolism. Students analyze the regulation of the cell cycle and the modulation of gene expression within eukaryotic systems. The course incorporates analysis of peer-reviewed scientific literature to examine current research in cell physiology and molecular biology. The integrated laboratory component utilizes a cohesive experimental framework to investigate cellular processes in a practical setting. The course emphasizes interpretation of advanced biological research and synthesis of findings within the context of modern cell theory. Prerequisites: [BIO 2450 or (BIO 2316 and BIO 2116)] and [CHEM 2330 or CHEM 2342] with grades of "D" or better.

BIO 4446. Microbial Ecology.

This course explores the diversity of microbial life, microbial metabolisms, and the basis and consequences of their interactions within their environments. It is designed to give students the knowledge and tools to investigate the ecology, evolution, and functions of natural microbial populations. Combining theory with hands-on practice, students will apply laboratory and computational techniques to real environmental samples through a semester-long research project, while learning the current conceptual frameworks that shape our understanding of the most diverse forms of life on the planet. Prerequisites: BIO 2400 and [BIO 2450 or (BIO 2361 and BIO 2116)] with grades of “C” or better.

BIO 4448. Bacterial Genetics.

This course provides an overview of bacterial genetics, focusing on molecular mechanisms that govern DNA replication, gene expression, mutation, recombination, and gene regulation in prokaryotes. It examines topics including plasmids, horizontal gene transfer, operon systems, and CRISPR-Cas technologies used to study and manipulate bacterial genomes. Instruction integrates lectures, active learning activities, analysis of the primary literature, and laboratory experiences to connect concepts with experimental approaches. Students analyze genetic processes in bacteria, interpret experimental data, and evaluate genetic tools used in microbiological research. Prerequisite: BIO 2400 and [BIO 2450 or (BIO 2316 and BIO 2116)] with grades of "C" or better.

BIO 4454. Plant Ecology.

This course examines plant ecology across levels of biological organization, from cellular processes and individual plants to populations, communities, ecosystems, and global patterns. Emphasis is placed on understanding how processes at one scale constrain, propagate, or emerge at other scales, with sustained attention to conceptual integration across levels of organization. The lecture component develops unifying ecological concepts and theoretical frameworks, while the laboratory applies these ideas through greenhouse and field experiments, vegetation sampling, quantitative observation and analysis. Students will develop analytical skills in experimental design, data interpretation, and scale-aware ecological reasoning, enabling them to critically evaluate plant–environment interactions across scales. Prerequisite: BIO 2400 or BIO 2410 or BIO 2411 with a grade of "D" or better.

BIO 4455. Plant Physiology.

This course focuses on in-depth examination of the physiological processes that govern plant life, from molecular, cellular, to the whole-organism levels. Emphasis is on the relationship between structure and function. Core topics include regulation of growth and development, photosynthesis and respiration, nutrient assimilation, and the vascular transport of water and solutes. Through integrated lectures and hands-on laboratory experiments, students will explore the physiological mechanisms that control growth and development, while fostering scientific inquiry, data interpretation, and critical thinking skills essential for advanced studies in plant sciences and career readiness. Prerequisite: BIO 2450 or BIO 2316 with a grade of “C” or better.

BIO 4464. Vertebrate Anatomy.

This course examines the origins, similarities, and differences among the anatomical body plans of vertebrate animals. Through lecture and laboratory study, students examine fossil histories to analyze patterns of vertebrate radiation in the geological record and compare the unifying and divergent anatomical characteristics of extant vertebrate groups, with emphasis on organs and organ systems. In the laboratory, students use dissection of representative members of major vertebrate groups to investigate the shared and distinctive anatomical structures. Prerequisite: [BIO 2450 or BIO 2316] with a grade of "C" or better.

BIO 4465. General Entomology.

This course provides a comprehensive introduction to the diversity, biology, and evolutionary relationships of insects and related arthropods. Topics include morphology, physiology, systematics, ecology, population biology, medical and veterinary entomology, and pest management. Students examine arthropod classification and ecological roles through lectures and laboratory-based identification and comparative analysis. Using taxonomic keys, specimen analysis, and evaluation of ecological data, students analyze insect diversity and interactions within natural and applied systems to interpret their biological and environmental significance. Prerequisites: [BIO 2316 or BIO 2450] with a grade of “C” or better.

BIO 4470. Limnology: The Study of Inland Aquatic Ecosystems.

This course explores physical, chemical, and biological processes in lakes, ponds, and streams. Key concepts and their application will be covered in the lecture, and limnological field sampling methods and analysis of chemical and biological samples are included in the laboratory. At the end of this course students should understand the theoretical and practical aspects of limnology, be able to apply of these concepts to societal water issues, be familiar with limnological laboratory and field methods, and have the ability to evaluate the primary literature. Prerequisites: [BIO 2450 or BIO 2316] and CHEM 1342 with grades of “C” or better.

BIO 4472. Animal Behavior.

This course examines the evolution and fitness consequences of animal behavior using conceptual and theoretical frameworks. Emphasis is placed on Tinbergen’s four questions—mechanism, development, function, and evolutionary history—as organizing principles for understanding behavioral traits across taxa. The course uses theoretical models, hypothesis testing, and analysis of primary literature to evaluate empirical evidence in behavioral research. Students apply evolutionary reasoning to interpret data, assess competing hypotheses, and design research questions grounded in established principles of animal behavior. Prerequisites: [BIO 2400 or BIO 2410 or BIO 2411] with grades of “C” or better.

BIO 4480. Cytology and Microtechnique.

This course explores the structure and function of diverse cell types through the principles of light, electron, and laser scanning confocal microscopy, as well as emerging digital imaging technologies. An integrative course, it combines the theoretical foundations of cell biology with hands-on training in microscopic techniques. In the laboratory, students develop practical skills in standard and advanced microscopy methods, gaining experience in the accurate execution, imaging, and interpretation of cell biology experiments. Students document their work by capturing and submitting microscopic images as assignments, reinforcing both technical proficiency and scientific communication. Current developments in the field are examined throughout the course, preparing students to critically engage with modern cytological research. Prerequisite: BIO 2450 or (BIO 2316 and BIO 2116) with grades of “C” or better.

BIO 4481. Internship in Biological Laboratory Technologies.

This course provides on-the-job training in a public or private-sector organization related to the biological sciences. Students engage in supervised professional activities that apply biological knowledge, skills, and methods in organizational settings. Experiences may involve laboratory or field work, planning processes, data management, or community engagement, depending on the placement. Students integrate practical experience with biological concepts to support professional development and understanding of workplace practices within biology-related fields. Students must apply to the department internship director prior to registering for the internship course. Prerequisite: Instructor Approval.

BIO 4490. Principles of Developmental Biology.

This course explores the basic principles and molecular mechanisms that govern the development of multicellular organisms. Using both animal and plant models, it examines how a single cell develops into complex tissues, organs, and body plans through tightly regulated genetic and cellular processes. Topics covered include gametogenesis, fertilization, cleavage, gastrulation, pattern formation, organogenesis, morphogen gradients, and gene regulatory networks. Students will explore developmental processes using Drosophila and Arabidopsis through lectures and labs, fostering analytical skills and scientific inquiry vital for advanced studies and careers in biology. Prerequisite: [BIO 2450 or BIO 2316] with a grade of "C" or better.

BIO 5100. Professional Development.

This course develops professional skills relevant to Biology graduate training and scientific careers. Students examine career pathways, professional communication practices, and competencies required for academic and non-academic contexts. Instruction is delivered through structured modules, discussions, and applied assignments that analyze professional scenarios and workforce expectations, including evaluation of professional documents, communication strategies, ethical considerations, and data presentation conventions across diverse scientific and organizational settings. Students analyze their qualifications, evaluate career options, and construct a professional development plan based on disciplinary standards, regulatory frameworks, and employment requirements.

BIO 5110. Seminar in Biology.

This course offers a seminar-style examination of timely issues and problems within selected biology disciplines. Students engage with current scholarly literature relevant to their areas of study and practice systematic methods of critical reading, analysis, and discussion. Emphasis is placed on evaluating research questions, methodologies, theoretical frameworks, and interpretations presented in contemporary publications. Through guided discussion and independent inquiry, students develop skills in scholarly critique and disciplinary communication. Course topics may vary by offering. This course is repeatable for credit.

BIO 5114. Collaborative Research.

This course provides master’s‑level graduate students with structured opportunities to engage in biological research in collaboration with graduate faculty in the Department of Biology. Students participate in research activities that may be distinct from and supplemental to thesis research conducted under BIO 5399A or BIO 5399B. Emphasis is placed on the collaborative processes of scientific investigation, including project development, data collection, analysis, and interpretation within a faculty‑guided research environment. The course supports disciplinary research skill development and professional scholarly engagement. Topics, research focus, and methods may vary by faculty mentor and semester. See also BIO 5214 and BIO 5314.

BIO 5166. Medical Microbiology Laboratory.

This course provides hands-on training in medical microbiology, focusing on the isolation, identification, and characterization of microorganisms associated with human disease. Students investigate topics such as disease transmission, antimicrobial activity, normal human microflora, and molecular diagnostic techniques through structured laboratory experiments and case-based activities. Students participate in laboratory sessions emphasizing aseptic techniques, data collection, analysis, and scientific communication. By the end of the course, students will be able to interpret experimental results, apply microbiological methods, and evaluate microbial roles in health and disease in real-world contexts. Corequisite: BIO 5366 with a grade of "C" or better.

BIO 5176. Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory.

This course provides a laboratory experience in microbial biotechnology, focusing on experimental approaches used to analyze and manipulate microbial systems. It examines techniques including PCR amplification, recombinant DNA methods, cloning, bacterial transformation, protein expression, and purification using electrophoresis and chromatography. Instruction emphasizes hands-on experimentation, data collection, and documentation through laboratory notebooks and collaborative case studies. Students perform molecular and microbiological techniques, interpret experimental results, and evaluate methodological approaches used to investigate microbial systems. Corequisite: BIO 5376 with a grade of "C" or better.

BIO 5199B. Thesis B.

This course represents a student’s continuing enrollment in a master’s‑level thesis while completing supervised research. Students may remain enrolled in this course each semester until the thesis is completed and submitted for binding. Enrollment is permitted only after approval of a formal thesis proposal. The course supports sustained faculty supervision, access to laboratory or research facilities, and ongoing scholarly activity related to thesis development, analysis, and writing. Students pursuing the M.S. degree with a thesis enroll in this course during any semester in which faculty guidance is provided or institutional research resources are utilized.

BIO 5214. Collaborative Research.

This course provides master’s‑level graduate students with structured opportunities to engage in biological research in collaboration with graduate faculty in the Department of Biology. Students participate in research activities that may be distinct from and supplemental to thesis research conducted under BIO 5399A or BIO 5399B. Emphasis is placed on the collaborative processes of scientific investigation, including project development, data collection, analysis, and interpretation within a faculty‑guided research environment. The course supports disciplinary research skill development and professional scholarly engagement. Topics, research focus, and methods may vary by faculty mentor and semester. See also BIO 5114 and BIO 5314.

BIO 5295. Fundamentals of Research.

This course introduces beginning graduate students to the materials, methods, and foundational practices of research in the biological sciences. Students examine approaches to locating, evaluating, and interpreting scientific literature, as well as common experimental, observational, and analytical techniques used across biological disciplines. Emphasis is placed on understanding research design, data management, and scholarly communication within professional scientific standards. The course supports the development of research skills necessary for graduate‑level study and independent inquiry. It is recommended that students enroll in this course during their first semester in residence to establish a foundation for subsequent coursework and research activities.

BIO 5299B. Thesis.

This course represents a student’s continuing enrollment in a master’s‑level thesis while completing supervised research. Students may remain enrolled in this course each semester until the thesis is completed and submitted for binding. Enrollment is permitted only after approval of a formal thesis proposal. The course supports sustained faculty supervision, access to laboratory or research facilities, and ongoing scholarly activity related to thesis development, analysis, and writing. Students pursuing the M.S. degree with a thesis enroll in this course during any semester in which faculty guidance is provided or institutional research resources are utilized.

BIO 5300. Neurobiology.

This course gives students an overview of neurobiology, spanning from the cell and molecular to the system levels. Students will learn the principles underlying the function of neurons and will apply that knowledge throughout the course as they study sensory systems, motor systems and how the nervous system develops. Lectures emphasize the experimental advancements that led to the current understanding of neurobiology as well as the gaps that remain with the goal of promoting inquisitiveness and critical thinking.

BIO 5301. Evolution.

This course introduces the foundational principles of biological evolution, encompassing the history of evolutionary thought, population biology, mechanisms of evolution, micro- and macroevolution, speciation, and the history of life on Earth. Topics span from molecular-level processes to broad patterns across geological time, providing a comprehensive view of biodiversity and change. The history of evolutionary thought, population-level processes, and the mechanisms driving speciation are examined through primary literature, case studies, and data analysis. Students gain an integrated understanding of how micro- and macroevolutionary processes have shaped the history of life on Earth.

BIO 5304. Wildlife and Recreation: Impact, Policy, and Management.

This course examines the ecological, social, and policy dimensions of wildlife recreation, including the impacts of tourism and outdoor activities on wildlife populations and habitats. Emphasis is placed on regulatory frameworks, stakeholder interests, and adaptive management strategies across diverse recreation contexts. Students critically evaluate empirical research and management case studies to assess trade-offs between conservation objectives and recreational use. Through applied analysis and research-based problem solving, students develop evidence-based management recommendations addressing complex wildlife-recreation interactions.

BIO 5307. Ecology of Rarity.

This course examines ecological and evolutionary explanations for species rarity, emphasizing patterns, processes, and definitions used in contemporary biology. Topics include the species concept, speciation, extinction dynamics, biodiversity measurement, and ecological correlates of rarity across spatial and temporal scales. Students analyze empirical literature on rare taxa, including threatened, endemic, and rediscovered species, and evaluate how rarity influences conservation assessment and management. Integrating scientific, philosophical, and policy perspectives, this course explores how rarity is defined, measured, and interpreted in ecological research. Students will be able to engage in critical analysis of primary literature, synthesis of biological data, and clear scientific communication.

BIO 5311. Cancer Biology.

This course provides a foundation for understanding the complex molecular, biochemical, and cellular processes associated with cancer development. Topics include the role of tumor suppressor genes, oncogenes, DNA repair, apoptosis, extracellular matrix, cell-cycle control, cell signaling pathways, immune function and cancer-causing viruses. Emerging diagnostics and/or therapeutics will also be discussed. After completion students should be able to describe the pathological basis for cancer development and provide a rationale for current diagnostic and therapeutic approaches used to treat cancer patients.

BIO 5314. Collaborative Research.

This course provides master’s‑level graduate students with structured opportunities to engage in biological research in collaboration with graduate faculty in the Department of Biology. Students participate in research activities that may be distinct from and supplemental to thesis research conducted under BIO 5399A or BIO 5399B. Emphasis is placed on the collaborative processes of scientific investigation, including project development, data collection, analysis, and interpretation within a faculty‑guided research environment. The course supports disciplinary research skill development and professional scholarly engagement. Topics, research focus, and methods may vary by faculty mentor and semester. See also BIO 5114 and BIO 5214.

BIO 5316. Genomics.

This course provides a comprehensive introduction to the principles and applications of modern genomics. Core topics include genome structure and function, the human genome, comparative genomics, high-throughput sequencing technologies, and genomic evolution. Further examining the role of genomics in health and disease, with emphasis on cancer genomics and pharmacogenomics, as well as transcriptomics, proteomics, and bioinformatics. Ethical, legal, and social implications (ELSI) associated with genomic research and its emerging applications and innovation in medicine and science are also critically explored.

BIO 5317. Interpretive Biology Programming and Design.

This course will explore the principles and methods of interpretation and science communication used by the National Association for Interpretation, National Park Service, science museums, environmental centers, and state park systems to spark public interest and engagement in learning about science environments and biology. This course will provide opportunities to practice biology communication skills in both personal and non-personal contexts by creating and leading science outreach programs, reading interpretive literature, and evaluating other interpretive media. Service-learning is an integral and mandatory part of this course.

BIO 5324. Natural History and Conservation of Large Mammals.

This course will introduce students to advanced details of natural history, research, and conservation of large mammals. Topics considered will include natural history, range and population status (historic and current), importance to and interaction with humans, research design and analysis, and the development of conservation and management plans.

BIO 5327. Issues in Irish Biodiversity and Conservation.

This course focuses on exploring issues related to Irish flora and fauna, ecosystems, conservation strategies in areas of high ecological concern, and public involvement in conservation. Emphasis is placed on working through case studies and interacting with practical examples of conservation projects as shared by local experts. The course will integrate historical events related to invasive species introductions, resource harvesting, and natural biological disasters as we discuss strategies for conserving and restoring biodiversity. It also draws comparisons to relevant practices in Texas. Prerequisite: Instructor approval.

BIO 5328. Field Biology of Ireland.

This course focuses on building field biology research skills by using common field biology tools (e.g., quadrats, measuring tapes, field guides, binoculars, topography maps, and digital meters) and practicing multiple field techniques (e.g., transects, sweep nets, kick sampling, and camera trapping) to carry out ecological field surveys documenting local biodiversity in Ireland. Students apply advanced field research skills during on-site ecological surveys conducted with area experts to generate authentic biodiversity data for Irish community partners. Prerequisite: Instructor approval.

BIO 5329. Raptor Ecology.

This course provides advanced study of the ecology, evolution, and conservation of diurnal birds of prey. Students critically examine raptor morphology, physiology, taxonomy, community ecology, and global diversity through analysis of primary scientific literature. Emphasis is placed on synthesis of ecological theory, evaluation of conservation frameworks, and independent research development. Graduate students complete an in depth species analysis and prepare a competitive research grant proposal addressing unresolved questions in raptor biology or ecology, developing professional skills relevant to research and conservation careers.

BIO 5331. Human Dimensions of Wildlife and Fisheries Conservation.

This course examines the human dimensions of wildlife and fisheries conservation, emphasizing social, political, economic, and cultural influences on management outcomes across regional and global contexts. Students critically evaluate theoretical frameworks and interdisciplinary research that shape conservation policy and stakeholder engagement, with attention to applications in North America and Texas. Through advanced analysis of empirical studies and applied research design, students assess methodological approaches and develop evidence-based strategies addressing complex human–wildlife management challenges.

BIO 5332. Biology in Film and Television: An Analysis of the Biology in Fiction and Non-Fiction Film and TV.

This course explores how biology is portrayed in popular motion pictures, with an emphasis on analyzing biological accuracy, misconceptions perpetuated or depicted, and investigating the rationale behind directors' and writers' decisions about how biological content is presented in the final product. Students will watch a curated list of fiction films, non-fiction documentaries, fiction television episodes, and/or non-fiction docu-series with topics ranging from terrestrial ecology to public health. Students will gain the skills to review and analyze film and television media for scientific accuracy and inaccuracy.

BIO 5333. International Studies of Plant Ecology and Conservation.

This course provides a first-hand understanding of the natural history, biodiversity, ecology, conservation, and culture of African bushveld ecosystems with a focus on plants. It is an immersive and intensive study abroad experience combining traditional lecture and field-based instruction in the African bushveld. Instruction uses traditional lectures, guided ecological field work, and written assignments to emphasize plant identification, ecosystem processes, and conservation practices. Students analyze ecological observations, evaluate conservation challenges, and interpret ecological patterns in southern Africa. Corequisite: BIO 5334 with a grade of "C" or better.

BIO 5334. International Studies of Wildlife Ecology and Natural History.

This course provides a first-hand understanding of the natural history, biodiversity, ecology, behavior, conservation, and culture of African bushveld ecosystems with a focus on wildlife. It is an immersive and intensive study abroad course combining traditional lecture and field-based instruction in the African bushveld. It uses traditional lectures, guided ecological field work, and written assignments to emphasize wildlife identification, ecosystem processes, and conservation practices. Students also develop skills in ecological observation, scientific communication, and global environmental awareness while gaining firsthand experience with conservation challenges and opportunities in southern Africa. Corequisite: BIO 5333 with a grade of "C" or better.

BIO 5339. Environmental Physiology of Animals.

This course addresses animals’ physiological responses to challenges in the environment, including changes in temperature, moisture, salinity, partial pressure of gases, food availability, and toxins. Through lectures, case studies, and comparative analyses, students examine homeostatic regulation and stress responses across diverse animal taxa and ecosystems and evolutionary adaptations to the same. Students will use evidence-based approaches to explain the physiological principles underlying potential animal responses to environmental change.

BIO 5346. Comparative Immunology.

This course will consist of a taxonomic survey of metazoan immune systems, focusing on the ecological and evolutionary causes and consequences of variation in immune systems across animals. While most textbooks present the immune system of animals as a single, universal system, in fact, there is immense variability in animal immune systems. Surveying the animal tree of life as a guide, we will explore both foundational concepts in immunology and the evolution of diversity in immune systems across animals.

BIO 5350J. Environmental Physiology of Animals.

This course is a study of how animals respond physiologically to changes in environmental temperature, moisture, salinity, partial pressure of gases, and toxins. Prerequisites: Instructor approval.

BIO 5350M. Wildlife Policy and Law in North America.

This course provides the student with a historical and cultural context within which wildlife policy and law (federal treaties, statutes, case law, and regulations) have developed in North America, particularly in the United States. Graduate students will research the development of Wildlife law in representative states as well.

BIO 5350O. Tropical Ecology and Conservation.

Students will obtain a first-hand knowledge of the ecology, biodiversity, conservation, and culture of tropical ecosystems. It is an immersive and intensive study abroad course combining traditional lecture and field-based laboratory instruction in tropical ecosystems.

BIO 5350Z. Diversity and Cultural Dimensions of Geoparks.

This course explores differences in ecological diversity in city and state parks, national parks, and geoparks globally. Students explore the impact of the parks on the local community and on national policy by focusing on differences in science communication strategies and community engagement practices at the parks. Students analyze the science content depicted and implementation of communication strategies in static and dynamic messaging within the parks to gain a comprehensive understanding of the intersection between science content, science communication, and community engagement on global conservation science. Prerequisite: Instructor approval.

BIO 5356. Plant Physiology.

This course focuses on in-depth examination of the physiological processes that govern plant life, from molecular, cellular, to whole-organism levels. The relationship between structure and function is emphasized as well as molecular mechanisms of biochemical pathways that control development. Core topics include regulation of growth and development, photosynthesis and respiration, nutrient assimilation, and vascular transport of water and solutes. Through lectures and recently published papers related, students explore the physiological and biochemical mechanisms that control growth and development, while fostering scientific inquiry, data interpretation, and the critical thinking skills essential for advanced studies in plant sciences and career readiness.

BIO 5363. History of Medicine.

This course examines significant concepts, developments, individuals, and events in the history of medicine from antiquity to modern era. Topics include how disease has shaped medical practice, the rise of hospitals as centers for care and the ways medical science is influenced by cultural and political contexts. Historical analysis explores the development of modern medical ethics and the evolving doctor–patient relationship. Students engage with primary sources and case studies to understand how past medical practices shape contemporary healthcare.

BIO 5366. Medical Microbiology.

This course provides an overview of medically important microorganisms, focusing on pathogenic bacteria, fungi, and parasites and their roles in human disease. It examines mechanisms of pathogenicity, host–microbe interactions, epidemiology, and antimicrobial resistance, along with approaches used to identify and study infectious agents. Instruction combines interactive lectures, case-based discussions, and real-time assessments to connect concepts with disease scenarios. Students analyze infectious diseases, interpret microbiological data, and evaluate factors influencing disease transmission and control.

BIO 5374. Principles of Zoo Management.

This course examines advanced principles of captive animal management within conservation- and education-based institutions such as zoological facilities. It explores the scientific, ethical, and regulatory frameworks that shape contemporary zoo operations, with an emphasis on population sustainability, animal welfare science, population management, and institutional decision-making. Course instruction incorporates lectures, critical evaluation of primary literature, and applied interactive assignments that address real-world management challenges. The course emphasizes evaluation of captive management strategies, synthesis of scientific and regulatory information, and development of evidence-based approaches to conservation-oriented animal care programs.

BIO 5376. Microbial Biotechnology.

This course provides an overview of how microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, and yeast, are engineered to address real-world challenges through biotechnology. It examines applied microbiology topics such as microbial genetics, metabolic engineering, industrial fermentation, and microbial applications in medicine, agriculture, environmental remediation, and bio-based product development. Instruction combines lectures, case studies, and analysis of contemporary research to connect theory with application. Students analyze and evaluate microbial biotechnological strategies used to address practical problems in industrial, environmental, and medical contexts.

BIO 5390. Problems in the Biological Sciences.

This course provides graduate students with an opportunity to pursue a semester-long, independent research project under the supervision of a member of the graduate faculty in Biology. Based on research across the expanse of investigations carried out in Biology, the experience at its heart entails discovery and documentation, employing techniques appropriate to the research question and bringing greater relevance to coursework undertaken across disciplines in the pursuit of a master's degree. Students typically find themselves in a research group and learn scientific communication in addition to research design and execution.

BIO 5399A. Thesis.

This course represents a student’s initial enrollment in a master’s‑level thesis while beginning supervised research activities. It provides formal enrollment status for students developing their thesis project under faculty guidance, including preliminary research, data collection, and project planning. Thesis credit is awarded once the thesis is completed in BIO 5399B. Students pursuing the M.S. degree with a thesis are expected to enroll in thesis coursework during each semester in which faculty supervision is provided or laboratory or research facilities are utilized. This course supports the early stages of sustained scholarly inquiry required for thesis completion.

BIO 5399B. Thesis.

This course represents a student’s continuing enrollment in a master’s‑level thesis while completing supervised research. Students remain enrolled in this course each semester until the thesis is completed and submitted for binding. Enrollment is permitted only after approval of a formal thesis proposal. The course supports sustained faculty supervision, access to laboratory or research facilities, and ongoing scholarly activity related to thesis development, analysis, and writing. Students pursuing the M.S. degree with a thesis are expected to enroll in this course during any long semester in which faculty guidance is provided or institutional research resources are utilized.

BIO 5400. Plants Important for Wildlife.

This course provides field-based experience in the identification and taxonomy of plants and plant parts using accurate botanical terminology. It examines the co-evolution of plant defense mechanisms and the adaptive strategies plants have developed in response to herbivory and environmental pressures. The course also investigates the economic and ecological impacts of plant use by wildlife, emphasizing the interdependent relationships between plant communities and the animal species that rely on them for food, shelter, and survival.

BIO 5402. Earth Science I.

A study of astronomy and meteorology through observation, description, and interpretation of earth phenomena. Includes field observations, methods of measurement and interpretation of data related to the physical environment and space technology. Requires independent scientific and science education research and presentation of findings in a professional context.

BIO 5403. Earth Science II.

The description and interpretation of earth phenomena considered from the standpoint of geology and oceanography. Includes field observations, methods of sampling and interpretation of data related to the physical environment. Requires independent scientific and science education research and presentation of findings in a professional context.

BIO 5408. Science Processes and Research.

Students will analyze scientific research design, design research, interpret data, and communicate results. Stress will be placed on broad-field structure and integration of major science concepts and research-based science pedagogy. This course must be taken the semester prior to student teaching and is required for those seeking 7-12 Life Science or Science teacher certification. This course may not count as one of the four upper-level Biology courses required of general Biology majors, or one of the three upper-level Biology courses required of Biology minors.

BIO 5410. Field Biology of Plants.

This course provides an introduction to the major natural regions of the State of Texas, the principal plant communities that characterize each of these regions, and the factors that combine to influence and determine the distribution of plant communities across the landscape. Laboratories are primarily field trips to various natural regions throughout the central Texas region that emphasize the recognition of plant community characteristics and provide students with the tools and techniques important for field identification.

BIO 5411. Morphology of the Vascular Plants.

This course focuses on the structure, function, and evolution of living and fossil vascular plants, including the ferns, gymnosperms, and flowering plants. In both lecture and lab, students will be introduced to the basic structure and functioning of plant organs and reproductive structures through a comparative approach that will enable them to understand plant diversity, adaptation, and evolutionary history. Specialized topics, such as the origin of land plants, evolution of the ovule, angiospermy, and the evolution of the flower are emphasized.

BIO 5412. Plant Anatomy.

This course introduces students to the basic structure of vascular plants at varying levels. In both lecture and lab, students will be introduced to the cell and tissue types that form the major organs of the plant body (stems, roots, leaves, flowers, fruits, and seeds). Students analyze how plant structure is correlated with physiological functioning and environmental adaptation. Emphasis is placed on characteristics that are of importance in understanding phylogenetic relationships among the extant groups of vascular plants.

BIO 5415. Ichthyology.

This course surveys the lineages of organisms generally known as fish with an emphasis on diversity, evolutionary relationships, functional adaptations, and environmental interactions. Content includes fish form and function, classification, phylogeny, natural history, biogeography, and major taxonomic groups presented in phylogenetic sequence. Students examine comparative anatomical and ecological data through lectures and laboratory investigations. Upon completion, students will be able to analyze evolutionary patterns, compare structural and functional traits among fishes, and evaluate relationships between animal adaptations and environmental conditions.

BIO 5418. Field Ornithology.

This course introduces students to avian species with an emphasis on Texas birds and provides advanced knowledge of the application of various field and laboratory techniques and statistical methods used to study them. Topics include survey methodology, sampling design, marking/banding, measurement/sample extraction, and aging/sexing avian species. A strong emphasis is placed on using results from field and laboratory methods to make inferences about the habitat and ecosystem within which the data were collected. Students will practice identifying birds using diagnostic characteristics, including visual and auditory identification, and collecting data on avian species.

BIO 5420. Natural History of the Vertebrates.

This course critically examines the evolutionary history, comparative biology, and ecological diversification of vertebrate taxa, emphasizing the mechanisms that generate morphological, physiological, and behavioral variation across lineages. Topics include vertebrate origins, speciation, functional morphology, sensory systems, locomotion, life-history strategies, and macroevolutionary patterns. Instruction integrates lectures with guided discussions and laboratory investigation focused on taxonomic identification and comparative functional trait morphology. By the end of the course, students will be able to synthesize evolutionary and ecological theory to evaluate vertebrate diversity and construct evidence-based interpretations of form-function relationships across major vertebrate clades.

BIO 5421. Ornithology.

This course introduces students to the evolutionary origins and biodiversity of birds, their anatomy and physiology, behavioral ecology, and conservation, with an emphasis on Texas birds. Strong emphasis is placed on using content to make larger observations and inferences about the environment. The laboratory emphasizes bird identification, habitat requirements, and conservation. Students will practice identifying birds using diagnostic characteristics, including visual and auditory identification. Students are introduced to the field of ornithology and to basic techniques for studying birds.

BIO 5422. Mammalogy.

This course provides an advanced study of mammals, including taxonomy, distribution, ecology, behavior, and evolutionary relationships, with emphasis on sylvan species native to the southwestern United States. Content examines mammalian ecology and human-driven factors influencing management and conservation of wild mammal populations. Instruction is delivered through lectures, critical analysis of scientific literature, and systematic specimen examination, with laboratory activities emphasizing anatomical study, identification, specimen preparation, and field-based population analysis methods. Students evaluate mammalian diversity, analyze ecological relationships, and apply research-based approaches to classification and population assessment in scientific and management contexts.

BIO 5423. Wildlife Management.

This course provides a comprehensive survey of ecological principles, habitat manipulation, and population dynamics used to manage wildlife species and their habitats. Content addresses the application of ecological and natural history principles in habitat management and population control. Instruction includes lectures and analysis of ecological data and scientific literature. Laboratory activities focus on demonstrations, field-based population monitoring, habitat analysis, and development of wildlife management plans. The course emphasizes evaluation of management strategies and methods for measuring, mapping, and monitoring species within conservation contexts.

BIO 5424D. Vertebrate Endocrinology.

This course teaches function and organization of the endocrine system. It describes the major endocrine glands, the synthesis and release of their hormone products, and the interaction with target tissues. Endocrine control of digestion, growth, reproduction, and homeostasis will be compared between mammals and other vertebrate groups.

BIO 5432. Microbial Genomics.

This course provides students with the computational knowledge and skills to investigate the function, ecology, and evolution of microorganisms. Topics span current sequencing technologies, genomics and transcriptomics approaches, and command-line and R programming tools used to analyze real microbial genomic data. By the end of the course, students analyze microbial genomics data using modern computational methods and conceptual frameworks to investigate microbial diversity and function, developing essential skills required for data-driven discovery in the microbial sciences.

BIO 5435. Techniques in Wildlife Management.

This course examines methods of practical wildlife management and research, including techniques for monitoring wildlife populations, collecting ecological data, and assessing habitat and population dynamics. Topics include wildlife capture, handling, tagging, and data management in applied field settings. Instruction is delivered through lectures and field-based methods, including structured field exercises, data collection, and analytical activities. Students evaluate wildlife management techniques, analyze population and habitat data, and apply field and research methods to investigate wildlife populations and ecological conditions.

BIO 5441. Cellular Physiology.

This course provides an advanced examination of the molecular mechanisms underlying cellular function, with rigorous emphasis on thermodynamic principles and energy metabolism. Students critically evaluate the regulation of the cell cycle and the complex modulation of gene expression within eukaryotic systems through systematic analysis of peer-reviewed research. The integrated laboratory component employs a singular, cohesive experimental model to investigate cellular operations and foster independent scientific reasoning. Students culminate their work with a formal research presentation, demonstrating the capacity to communicate advanced biological findings to a scholarly audience. Participants emerge with the analytical and communicative proficiency required to contribute meaningfully to graduate-level research and the ongoing advancement of modern cell theory.

BIO 5443. Fish Physiology.

This course examines primary physiological functions in fish, including sensory systems, metabolism, respiration, digestion, excretion, reproduction, and water balance across diverse aquatic environments. Through lectures, laboratory activities, and analysis of current literature, students investigate how organ systems interact to support homeostasis and survival under changing environmental conditions. Students evaluate physiological adaptations in fish, explain functional responses to environmental challenges, and analyze how different species persist across freshwater and marine ecosystems.

BIO 5448. Bacterial Genetics.

This course provides an overview of bacterial genetics, focusing on molecular mechanisms that govern DNA replication, gene expression, mutation, recombination, and gene regulation in prokaryotes. It examines topics including plasmids, horizontal gene transfer, operon systems, and CRISPR-Cas technologies used to study and manipulate bacterial genomes. Instruction integrates lectures, active learning activities, primary literature analysis, and laboratory experiences to connect concepts with experimental approaches. Students analyze genetic processes in bacteria, interpret experimental data and evaluate genetic tools used in microbiological research.

BIO 5454. Plant Ecology.

This course examines plant ecology across levels of biological organization, from cellular processes and individual plants to populations, communities, ecosystems, and global patterns. Emphasis is placed on understanding how processes at one scale constrain, propagate, or emerge at other scales, with sustained attention to conceptual integration across levels of organization. The lecture component develops unifying ecological concepts and theoretical frameworks, while the laboratory applies these ideas through greenhouse and field experiments, vegetation sampling, quantitative observation and analysis. Students will develop analytical skills in experimental design, data interpretation, and scale-aware ecological reasoning, enabling them to critically evaluate plant–environment interactions across scales.

BIO 5465. General Entomology.

This course provides a comprehensive introduction to the diversity, biology, and evolutionary relationships of insects and related arthropods. Topics include morphology, physiology, systematics, ecology, population biology, medical and veterinary entomology, and pest management. Students examine arthropod classification and ecological roles through lectures and laboratory-based identification and comparative analysis. Using taxonomic keys, specimen analysis, and evaluation of ecological data, students analyze insect diversity and interactions within natural and applied systems to interpret their biological and environmental significance.

BIO 5470. Limnology: The study of inland aquatic ecosystems.

This course explores physical, chemical, and biological processes in lakes, ponds, and streams. Key concepts and their application will be covered in the lecture and limnological field sampling methods and analysis of chemical and biological samples are included in the laboratory. At the end of this course students should understand the theoretical and practical aspects of limnology, be able to apply these concepts to societal water issues, be familiar with limnological laboratory and field methods, and have the ability to evaluate the primary literature.

BIO 5472. Animal Behavior.

This course examines advanced theoretical and empirical approaches to the evolution and fitness consequences of animal behavior. Emphasis is placed on Tinbergen’s four explanatory frameworks and their application to behavioral ecology, social systems, communication, cognition, and life-history strategies. Students engage in critical evaluation of primary research, quantitative data interpretation, and theoretical model assessment to investigate adaptive significance across taxa. Students synthesize competing hypotheses, formulate research questions, and construct evidence-based arguments grounded in contemporary behavioral theory.

BIO 5480. Cytology and Microtechnique.

This course explores the structure and function of diverse cell types through the principles of light, electron, and laser scanning confocal microscopy, as well as emerging digital imaging technologies. An integrative course, it combines the theoretical foundations of cell biology with hands-on training in microscopic techniques. In the laboratory, students develop practical skills in standard and advanced microscopy methods, gaining experience in the accurate execution, imaging, and interpretation of cell biology experiments. Students document their work by capturing and submitting microscopic images as assignments, reinforcing both technical proficiency and scientific communication. Current developments in the field are examined throughout the course, preparing students to critically engage with modern cytological research.

BIO 5481. Internship in Biological Laboratory Technologies.

This course provides on-the-job training in a public or private-sector agency related to the biological sciences. Students engage in supervised professional activities that apply biological knowledge, skills, and methods in organizational settings. Experiences may involve laboratory or field work, planning processes, data management, or community engagement, depending on the placement. Students integrate practical experience with biological concepts to support professional development and understanding of workplace practices within biology-related fields. Students must apply to the department internship director prior to registering for the internship course. Prerequisite: Instructor Approval.

BIO 5490. Principles of Developmental Biology.

This course explores the basic principles and molecular mechanisms that govern the development of multicellular organisms. Using both animal and plant models, it examines how a single cell develops into complex tissues, organs, and body plans through tightly regulated genetic and cellular processes. Topics covered include gametogenesis, fertilization, cleavage, gastrulation, pattern formation, organogenesis, morphogen gradients, and gene regulatory networks. Students will explore developmental processes using Drosophila and Arabidopsis through lectures and labs, fostering analytical skills and scientific inquiry vital for advanced studies and careers in biology.

BIO 5599B. Thesis.

This course represents a student’s continuing enrollment in a master’s‑level thesis following approval of a thesis proposal. Students remain enrolled in this course each semester until the thesis is completed and submitted for binding. Enrollment provides formal recognition of ongoing faculty supervision, access to laboratory or research facilities, and continued engagement in thesis‑related research, analysis, and writing. Students pursuing the M.S. degree with a thesis enroll in this course during any semester in which faculty guidance is provided or institutional research resources are utilized. This course supports sustained scholarly inquiry required for thesis completion.

BIO 5999B. Thesis.

This course represents a student’s continuing enrollment in a master’s‑level thesis following approval of a thesis proposal. Students remain enrolled in this course each semester until the thesis is completed and submitted for binding. Enrollment provides formal recognition of ongoing faculty supervision, access to laboratory or research facilities, and continued engagement in thesis‑related research, analysis, and writing. Students pursuing the M.S. degree with a thesis enroll in this course during any semester in which faculty guidance is provided or institutional research resources are utilized. This course supports sustained scholarly inquiry required for thesis completion.

BIO 7100. Professional Development.

This course develops professional skills relevant to Biology graduate training and scientific careers. It examines career pathways, professional communication practices, and competencies required for academic and non-academic contexts. Instruction is delivered through structured modules, discussions, and applied assignments that analyze professional scenarios and workforce expectations, including evaluation of professional documents, communication strategies, ethical considerations, and data presentation conventions across diverse scientific and organizational settings. The course includes analysis of qualifications, career pathways, and professional development planning based on disciplinary standards, regulatory frameworks, and employment requirements.

BIO 7102. SEMINAR IN INTEGRATIVE AND APPLIED BIOLOGY.

This course examines current topics and emerging research through focused study of primary scientific literature. Topics vary by offering and address applications relevant to biological systems at multiple levels of organization, including discipline-based education research and human dimensions of biological sciences. Instruction includes student-led discussions, presentations, and critical review of published studies, with emphasis on research design, interpretation, and significance. The course focuses on synthesis of evidence, evaluation of complex issues, and communication of scholarly analyses of contemporary research questions.

BIO 7103D. Molecular Biology of the Cell.

Interactive discussion of current literature on molecular biology of the cell. The course is designed to discuss concepts and their applications and methodology associated with the structure and function of the cell at cellular and molecular level.

BIO 7103F. Molecular Genetics of Plant Development.

The study of plant development is rapidly changing as plant genome projects discover a multitude of new genes, and their expression and interaction patterns are understood. This course is designed to discuss concepts in plant development, and developmental processes as pathways of gene regulatory activities.

BIO 7104. Marine Pollution.

This course focuses on the sources, bioaccumulation, trophic transfer, and health effects of contaminants in the marine environment. Contaminants to be reviewed include trace elements, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), oil, pesticides, radionuclides, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), plastics, pharmaceuticals, illegal drugs, and personal care products. Students read and critically evaluate peer-reviewed scientific papers that address a variety of marine life including plankton, crustaceans, mollusks, fishes, marine mammals, turtles, and birds. Students lead and participate in discussions and make recommendations for future research.

BIO 7105. Environmental Issues through Documentaries.

This course will examine how environmental issues are addressed in documentaries with an emphasis on critically evaluating each for scientific content, imagery, biases, misconceptions perpetuated or depicted, and ease of understanding. Students will watch a curated list of documentaries covering topics such as overfishing, wildlife trade, habitat degradation, pollution, energy resources, climate change, sustainability, and conservation. Students will gain the skills to review and analyze documentary content for scientific content and messaging, making recommendations to improve the medium.

BIO 7106. Molecular Biology of the Cell.

This course examines current literature in molecular and cellular biology through interactive seminar discussions, emphasizing critical analysis of concepts, methodologies, and applications for understanding cell structure and function at the molecular level. Students engage with research resources and explore emerging discoveries in molecular biology. Topics vary each semester to reflect advances in the field, allowing students to repeat the course for credit.

BIO 7107. Molecular Genetics of Plant Development.

This course engages students in interactive seminar discussions of current literature on molecular genetics of plant development. Emphasis is placed on understanding developmental processes as gene regulatory pathways and exploring how plant genome projects have advanced this field. Students critically analyze research methodologies and findings, considering implications for developmental biology. Topics vary each semester to reflect emerging discoveries, and the course may be repeated for credit.

BIO 7114. Collaborative Research.

This course provides Ph.D.‑level graduate students with structured opportunities to engage in collaborative biological research with graduate faculty in the Department of Biology. Research conducted in this course may be distinct from and supplemental to research completed under BIO 7303, BIO 7399A, or BIO 7699A. Emphasis is placed on collaborative scientific inquiry, including project development, experimental or analytical work, and scholarly interpretation within a faculty‑guided research environment. The course recognizes the collaborative nature of scientific investigation and supports advanced research skill development across diverse areas of biological study. Specific research topics and methods vary by faculty mentor and semester.

BIO 7120. Population Biology Seminar.

This course provides graduate students with a comprehensive introduction to specialized topics in population and conservation biology. Topics include contemporary issues in evolution, ecology, genetics, environmental policy, and conservation. Students examine primary scientific literature related to selected topics each semester. Instruction emphasizes critical analysis of scientific literature, comparative evaluation of research approaches, and application of quantitative and conceptual frameworks. Students evaluate and synthesize contemporary research findings to construct evidence-based conclusions about specialized topics in population and conservation biology.

BIO 7199A. Dissertation.

This course represents doctoral‑level enrollment for original dissertation research and writing in Integrative and Applied Biology conducted under the direct supervision of the dissertation advisor. Students engage in independent, sustained scholarly inquiry, including research design, data collection or analysis, interpretation of findings, and preparation of the dissertation. Continuous enrollment is required during each long semester in which dissertation research or writing is conducted to ensure ongoing faculty supervision and academic oversight. This course supports the completion of advanced research that contributes to the scientific understanding of biological systems and resources and fulfills doctoral dissertation requirements.

BIO 7214. Collaborative Research.

This course provides Ph.D.‑level graduate students with structured opportunities to engage in collaborative biological research with graduate faculty in the Department of Biology. Research conducted in this course may be distinct from and supplemental to research completed under BIO 7303, BIO 7399A, or BIO 7699A. Emphasis is placed on collaborative scientific inquiry, including project development, experimental or analytical work, and scholarly interpretation within a faculty‑guided research environment. The course recognizes the collaborative nature of scientific investigation and supports advanced research skill development across diverse areas of biological study. Specific research topics and methods vary by faculty mentor and semester.

BIO 7299A. Dissertation.

This course represents doctoral‑level enrollment for original dissertation research and writing in Integrative and Applied Biology conducted under the direct supervision of the dissertation advisor. Students engage in independent, sustained scholarly inquiry, including research design, data collection or analysis, interpretation of findings, and preparation of the dissertation. Continuous enrollment is required during each long semester in which dissertation research or writing is conducted to ensure ongoing faculty supervision and academic oversight. This course supports the completion of advanced research that contributes to the scientific understanding of biological systems and resources and fulfills doctoral dissertation requirements.

BIO 7300. Communicating Science.

This course explores how to effectively disseminate scientific research through visualizations, oral presentations, and written works to multiple audience types. The course emphasizes how to alter communication strategies for sharing scientific research with non-specialists, the media, grant-giving agencies, and scientific peers. The interactive, student-centered course includes multiple interactive opportunities to present research outcomes, reflect on jargon usage, grow verbal and nonverbal communication skills, provide constructive feedback, and integrate advice from others to enhance the impact of communicating scientific research.

BIO 7301. College Science Teaching.

This course provides graduate students in the sciences with a comprehensive foundation in evidence-based pedagogical practices for teaching at the collegiate level. Moving beyond the traditional lecture model, this course explores the intersection of cognitive science and discipline-based education research to answer a central question: How do college students best learn science, and how can we design and provide environments that best facilitate that learning? Students experience, evaluate, and apply research-based approaches to college science instruction while analyzing and designing effective learning environments for different instructional contexts.

BIO 7302. Problems in Aquatic Resources.

This course provides faculty‑supervised study of selected state, national, or international aquatic resource issues. Students investigate a focused problem or topic through directed readings, data analysis, field or laboratory work, or other scholarly activities appropriate to the subject area. Emphasis is placed on independent inquiry, critical evaluation of scientific literature, and methodological rigor. The specific topic, scope, and expected products are determined collaboratively by the student and supervising faculty member and documented at the start of the term. Students may not enroll in BIO 7302 more than twice for doctoral credit without approval of the Graduate Program Director.

BIO 7303. Research.

This course provides structured research enrollment for doctoral students who have not yet passed the Candidacy Examination. Students engage in supervised research activities under the direction of their research or dissertation supervisor while preparing for admission to candidacy. Pre‑candidacy students are required to enroll in this course each semester until candidacy is achieved to maintain formal academic oversight and research continuity. The course may be taken for doctoral credit no more than three times without approval from the Graduate Program Director. This enrollment supports the development of research skills, project refinement, and scholarly progress appropriate to the pre‑candidacy stage of doctoral study.

BIO 7307. Global Change Biology.

This course explores broad patterns of biological change across ecosystems, with attention to how environmental drivers influence ecological structure and function over time and space. Major topics include shifts in atmospheric and climatic conditions, invasive species, nutrient enrichment, land use, and biodiversity change. Students engage extensively with primary research, quantitative evidence, and model-based studies to examine ecological processes at large scales. Emphasis is placed on interpretation, integration, and critical evaluation of scientific information relevant to biological responses under changing environmental conditions.

BIO 7310. Global Aquatic Resources.

This course introduces global, national, and regional aquatic resource issues through comparative analysis of scientific, environmental policy, and socioeconomic perspectives. Students examine water quantity and quality challenges and their underlying causes across diverse geographic regions, with particular emphasis on case studies. The course focuses on understanding how physical, biological, economic, and institutional factors interact to shape aquatic resource conditions and management responses. Students critically analyze empirical evidence, policy frameworks, and regional contexts to develop an informed understanding of aquatic resource variability and complexity worldwide.

BIO 7311. Ecology of Temporary Waters.

This course examines temporary waters—such as ponds, streams, and rainpools that regularly dry and the biodiversity they support of aquatic and terrestrial organisms worldwide. It explores their ecological and social significance, including their role in nutrient fluxes in river networks and for human well-being, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. Through analysis of scientific literature, case studies, and discussion, students investigate species adaptations, population and community dynamics, and human impacts. By the end, students will be able to explain key processes, synthesize research findings, and articulate the value of temporary waters for conservation and management.

BIO 7314. Collaborative Research.

This course provides Ph.D.‑level graduate students with structured opportunities to engage in collaborative biological research with graduate faculty in the Department of Biology. Research conducted in this course may be distinct from and supplemental to research completed under other research courses. Emphasis is placed on collaborative scientific inquiry, including project development, experimental or analytical work, and scholarly interpretation within a faculty‑guided research environment. Students develop advanced research skills across diverse areas of biological study. Specific research topics and methods vary by faculty mentor and semester.

BIO 7318. Wildlife Policy and Law.

This course examines the historical, legal, and institutional foundations of wildlife policy and law in North America, with emphasis on the United States and Texas. Students analyze federal treaties, statutes, case law, and regulatory frameworks that shape wildlife management and conservation practice. Using comparative and historical approaches, the course investigates how local, national, and international policy instruments structure decision‑making and governance in wildlife conservation. Emphasis is placed on developing skills in interpreting statutory language, regulatory guidance, and policy analyses within their legal and institutional contexts. The course is intended for students in wildlife biology and related programs seeking an analytical understanding of wildlife law and policy.

BIO 7324. Natural History and Conservation of Large Mammals.

This course provides a comprehensive study of large mammals, including ecology, behavior, life history, distribution, and evolutionary relationships, with emphasis on sylvan species native to North America including both marine and terrestrial species. Content addresses distinctive anthropogenic factors influencing the management and conservation of this group of mammals, many of which are species of conservation concern. Instruction is delivered through lectures, analysis of scientific literature, and field based activities. Students examine reasons behind endangerment status, evaluate management practices, and apply conservation assessment techniques in scientific contexts.

BIO 7326. Immunobiology.

This course examines the cellular and molecular mechanisms of the immune system and its role in health and disease. Topics include innate and adaptive immunity, B and T cell activation and regulation, antigen processing and presentation, and immunological memory. Students examine immune-mediated diseases, hypersensitivities, autoimmunity, transplantation, and cancer immunology through evaluation of experimental findings and clinical evidence. By integrating molecular concepts with clinical case studies, the course highlights how immune function influences health, disease progression, and therapeutic strategies.

BIO 7327. Ecological Immunology.

This course explores the roles of immunity in natural ecosystems, focusing on central concepts in ecological immunology. It examines interactions among hosts, pathogens, and environmental factors across biological systems, including viruses, parasites, and other disease agents. Topics include foundational and emerging research in ecological immunology, with emphasis on integrating immunological and ecological perspectives. Instruction is based on analysis of primary scientific literature, with attention to research design, data interpretation, and the ecological context of immune function in natural populations.

BIO 7331. Human Dimensions of Wildlife and Fisheries Conservation.

This course examines advanced theoretical and methodological foundations of human dimensions in wildlife and fisheries conservation, emphasizing social, political, economic, and cultural drivers of management outcomes across global contexts. Students critically analyze foundational and emerging scholarship, comparing competing frameworks and evaluating their implications for conservation policy and governance. Through intensive seminar discussion and independent research, students synthesize theory and empirical evidence to generate original insights and scholarly products suitable for professional presentation or publication.

BIO 7332. Introduction to R Programming for Biologists.

This course introduces the programming language R. Emphasis is placed on best practices in programming and the use of Base-R and RStudio. Topics include navigating the R and RStudio environment, installing packages, loading, manipulating, and visualizing data, declaring variables, writing loops, and writing functions. The course will consist of lectures on various aspects of scientific programming followed by an interactive R programming session. By the end of the course, students will be comfortable and proficient in scientific programming in R.

BIO 7333. Phylogenetic Comparative Methods.

This course introduces students to modern phylogenetic comparative methods and provides in-class examples on how to perform them. Topics include constructing phylogenies, dating phylogenies, finding and using previously published phylogenetic datasets, phylogenetic data visualization, and a variety of methods to test ecological and evolutionary hypotheses in a phylogenetic framework. Instruction will consist of a lecture covering methods followed by an active coding session in which these methods are explored. By the end of the course, students will be comfortable with conducting phylogenetic comparative analyses and able to apply them to real-world datasets.

BIO 7336. Evolutionary Ecology.

This course provides a comprehensive introduction to the core concepts in evolutionary biology and applications to ecology and behavior of organisms. Major topics include quantitative methods in evolution, ecology and behavior, biotic interactions, community ecology, ecophysiology, phylogenetic inference and comparative phylogenetics. Instruction emphasizes critical analysis of scientific literature, comparative evaluation of research approaches, and application of quantitative and conceptual frameworks to specific questions in evolutionary ecology. Students examine theoretical and analytical methods and case studies from the primary scientific literature, and synthesize the research findings to construct evidence-based conclusions about specialized topics in evolutionary ecology.

BIO 7342. Virology.

This course examines the structure, replication, and genetics of bacterial and animal viruses with emphasis on molecular mechanisms of infection and disease. Topics include viral structure and assembly, genome replication strategies, host–virus interactions, immune responses, vaccines and unconventional infectious agents such as prions. Through lectures, active learning activities, case studies and literature reviews, students will apply core virology principles to analyze viral replication cycles, compare major virus families, and evaluate mechanisms of viral pathogenesis and prevention.

BIO 7346. Conservation Biology.

This course examines the principles and practice of conservation biology, emphasizing the scientific foundations and interdisciplinary approaches used to maintain biodiversity in changing environments. Students evaluate ecological, genetic, and socio-environmental factors influencing species persistence and ecosystem resilience across local and global scales. Using case studies, quantitative analyses, and current scientific literature, students assess conservation strategies, analyze drivers of biodiversity loss, and compare management approaches across ecosystems. Through these analyses, students develop the ability to evaluate conservation interventions and design evidence-based strategies for protecting biodiversity and sustaining ecological systems.

BIO 7353. Biogeography.

This course provides a comprehensive introduction to the history, core concepts, major questions and methods in biogeography. Topics include ecological biogeography, historical biogeography, the history of ideas in biogeography, earth history, experimental designs and the use of molecular genetics for hypothesis testing. Students examine case studies from the primary scientific literature. Instruction emphasizes critical analysis of scientific literature, comparative evaluation of research approaches, and application of quantitative and conceptual frameworks to specific questions in biogeography. Students evaluate and synthesize contemporary research findings to construct evidence-based conclusions about specialized topics in biogeography.

BIO 7354. Applied Analyses of Populations.

This course provides applied statistical techniques for analyzing biological populations using quantitative and computational approaches. Topics include model selection, parameter estimation, and evaluation of environmental effects on population dynamics, including abundance, occupancy, survival, recruitment, and habitat use. Instruction is delivered through coding exercises, analysis of real-world datasets, and application of statistical models to ecological questions. Students analyze population data, evaluate model performance, and apply statistical methods to estimate parameters and interpret ecological patterns in research and management contexts.

BIO 7360P. Regulation of Plant Growth and Development.

This course examines the physiological, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms that regulate plant growth and development. Topics may include hormonal control, signal transduction pathways, gene regulation, environmental influences, and developmental processes across the plant life cycle. Emphasis is placed on understanding how internal regulatory systems and external factors interact to influence plant form and function. Students engage with current scientific literature and experimental evidence to analyze regulatory mechanisms and developmental outcomes. The course develops advanced conceptual understanding relevant to research and professional work in plant biology and related fields.

BIO 7360R. Community and Ecosystem Ecology.

This course explores community and ecosystem ecology using theoretical approaches and empirical case studies. Lecture topics include biological diversity and its consequences for ecosystem functioning, biotic interactions, food webs, primary production, decomposition, nutrient cycling, and ecological succession. In-class discussions of peer-reviewed literature reinforce and extend these topics. The course emphasizes understanding ecological processes across multiple ecosystem types and spatiotemporal scales, along with critical evaluation of primary scientific literature in community and ecosystem ecology.

BIO 7360T. Karst Hydrogeology and Geomorphology.

This course provides students with both an introduction to and advanced understanding of karst hydrogeology, geology, and geomorphology, with emphasis on field and theoretical applications of this information to the study of karst systems. Central to this will be the recognition and understanding of karst landforms at the Earth’s surface and their relationships with subsurface hydrogeologic and geochemical processes in varied settings. Course materials and field experiences allow a comprehensive examination of karst hydrogeology and geomorphology, emphasizing field and theoretical approaches to understanding karst landforms, subsurface-surface hydrologic linkages, and geochemical processes across scales from pore to watershed.

BIO 7361A. Discipline-Based Educational Research Methods.

This course will expose science graduate students to discipline-based educational research (DBER) in a practical setting, with a focus primarily on qualitative methods and quantitative measures commonly used in DBER involving human subjects. This interactive course will provide students with scaffolded opportunities to practice research skills using real-world data examples as they each work to generate their own rigorous DBER project proposals that comply with Institutional Review Board (IRB) guidelines for the ethical treatment of research participants.

BIO 7361C. Advanced Genomics and Bioinformatics.

This course equips students with the computational skills necessary to process and analyze data generated by contemporary genomics tools. Lectures cover basic and advanced topics in genomics and epigenomics alongside their bioinformatics frameworks, providing the theoretical context needed to interpret complex datasets. Students perform analyses using personal and cluster computing environments, gaining direct experience with workflows and tools used in modern genomic research. Students present their analyzed datasets, fostering critical evaluation and scholarly communication of genomic findings. The hands-on nature of the course ensures that acquired skills are immediately applicable to future research endeavors in genomics and related fields.

BIO 7361H. Professional Research Ethics in Life Sciences.

This course explores the application of ethical conduct in scientific research and research spaces and provides the opportunity to critically analyze and address ethical behavior and associated professional issues. Students develop problem-solving skills related to key ethical dilemmas, including parachute science, interactions with private land, conflict of interest, responsibilities (e.g., mentor/mentee, record keeping, academic integrity), data management (e.g., sharing, fabrication), AI use/misuse, authorship guidelines, protecting one's work (e.g., patents, intellectual property), research subject protections (e.g., human subjects, non-human animal welfare), and additional topics as necessary. This comprehensive approach equips students to navigate the ethical landscape of their professions effectively.

BIO 7377. Applied Bioinformatics.

This course provides an introduction to computing, scripting, and other computational techniques used to process, analyze, and visualize large biological datasets. Large data analysis is an increasingly important component of many biological fields. This course focuses on foundational concepts and skills necessary to conduct common analyses. Topics covered include command line interfaces, regular expressions, common scripting languages, and remote computing, and emphasizes the development of a solid foundation in broadly applicable bioinformatics skills.

BIO 7399A. Dissertation.

This course represents doctoral‑level enrollment for original dissertation research and writing in Integrative and Applied Biology conducted under the direct supervision of the dissertation advisor. Students engage in independent, sustained scholarly inquiry, including research design, data collection or analysis, interpretation of findings, and preparation of the dissertation. Continuous enrollment is required during each long semester in which dissertation research or writing is conducted to ensure ongoing faculty supervision and academic oversight. This course supports the completion of advanced research that contributes to the scientific understanding of biological systems and resources and fulfills doctoral dissertation requirements.

BIO 7402. Molecular Field Techniques.

This course examines the application of molecular tools for identifying, quantifying, and interpreting biological diversity in aquatic and terrestrial systems. Topics include identification of microorganisms, vertebrate genetic systems, experimental design, and integration of molecular data in field-based research. Students apply field logistics and molecular methodologies to analyze genetic datasets derived from environmental sampling. Emphasis is placed on designing rigorous field protocols, evaluating data quality, and synthesizing molecular findings within contemporary ecological and evolutionary frameworks.

BIO 7405. Statistics and Experimental Design I.

This course is an introduction to the basic types of statistical analysis routinely conducted in biological research. Students learn the fundamental philosophy behind null-hypothesis statistical testing, how to think quantitatively about data, and the proper way to make inferences from a statistical test. The course provides a solid understanding of the mechanics and motivation of proper study design, data collection, and statistical analysis. Students learn how to select an appropriate method of analysis to address a well-framed test hypothesis and to be a critical evaluator of statistical analyses applied by others.

BIO 7406. Statistics and Experimental Design II.

This course builds on foundational statistical knowledge to develop advanced analytical competency for biological research. Topics include multiple regression techniques, generalized linear models, analysis of variance designs, model selection approaches, linear mixed effects models, Bayesian statistics, and multivariate statistics. Core statistical principles of randomization, replication, and blocking are examined in the context of planning and designing rigorous scientific studies. Students will be able to conduct analyses using the R statistical computing platform with emphasis on applying appropriate methods to real biological data sets. Prerequisite: BIO 7405 with a grade of "C" or better.

BIO 7410. Aquatic Microbial Ecology.

This course explores the diversity of microbial life, microbial metabolisms, and the basis and consequences of their interactions within their environments. Students will gain the knowledge and tools to investigate the ecology, evolution, and functions of natural microbial populations. Combining theory with hands-on practice, students will apply laboratory and computational techniques to real environmental samples through a semester-long research project, while learning the current conceptual frameworks that shape our understanding of the most diverse forms of life on the planet.

BIO 7412. Environmental Hydrology.

This course examines hydrologic processes that govern the movement, storage, and quality of water in terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems. Students evaluate precipitation, infiltration, runoff, evapotranspiration, groundwater–surface water interactions using quantitative and conceptual approaches. Emphasis is placed on how hydrologic variability influences aquatic habitat, ecosystem function, and biodiversity, as well as how land use and climate change alter these relationships. The laboratory component includes hydrologic data analysis, watershed simulation, GIS-based assessment, and modeling of environmental hydrologic processes.

BIO 7414. Ecology of Infectious Diseases in Wildlife.

This course provides a comprehensive study of the ecological and evolutionary processes that drive the transmission of pathogens, the impact of diseases on host populations, and the emergence of infectious diseases in human and wildlife populations. Content addresses the integration of concepts from community ecology, epidemiology, and evolutionary biology to examine how host-pathogen relationships are shaped by environmental factors. Instruction is delivered through lectures, discussion and analysis of scientific literature, and research driven semester projects. Students examine the drivers of zoonotic diseases, wildlife conservation implications, and public health control strategies.

BIO 7419. Stream Ecology.

This course introduces the structure, function, and ecology of stream ecosystems, which are exceptionally dynamic, complex and diverse ecosystems. It explores the fundamental processes and theoretical concepts of streams and rivers, as well as monitoring approaches. The course combines lectures, scientific literature analysis, and team-based activities to apply ecological concepts in practical settings. By the end of the course, students will be able to explain fundamental stream processes, design and interpret ecological studies, critically evaluate human impacts on watersheds, and communicate ecological information effectively.

BIO 7426. Ecology and Management of Aquatic Macrophytes.

This course examines ecological processes that structure wetland ecosystems, with emphasis on interactions among hydrology, soils, and vegetation. Topics include wetland classification, plant adaptations, community dynamics, nutrient processes, and ecosystem function. It also addresses approaches to management and restoration in wetland systems. Students engage in field and laboratory investigations, quantitative analysis, and evaluation of ecological models to examine wetland processes across scales. Emphasis is placed on integrating empirical data and theory to assess vegetation patterns and ecosystem dynamics.

BIO 7427. Principles of Population Biology I.

This course provides a comprehensive introduction to the core concepts in population biology and applications in conservation biology. Major topics include population ecology, population enumeration, population genetics, molecular ecology, quantitative genetics, evolutionary biology and principles of conservation biology. Instruction emphasizes critical analysis of scientific literature, comparative evaluation of research approaches, and application of quantitative and conceptual frameworks to specific questions in population and conservation biology. Students examine theoretical and analytical methods and case studies from the primary scientific literature and synthesize contemporary research findings to construct evidence-based conclusions about specialized topics in population biology.

BIO 7428. Principles of Population Biology II.

This course provides a comprehensive introduction to the core concepts in population biology and applications in conservation biology. Major topics include community ecology, ecological and evolutionary biogeography, phylogenetic inference, comparative phylogenetics, species delimitation, molecular ecology and principles of conservation biology. Instruction emphasizes critical analysis of scientific literature, comparative evaluation of research approaches, and application of quantitative and conceptual frameworks to specific questions in population and conservation biology. Students examine theoretical and analytical methods and case studies from the primary scientific literature, and synthesize the research findings to construct evidence-based conclusions about specialized topics in population biology.

BIO 7430. Mycology.

This course provides advanced study of fungal biology with an emphasis on taxonomy, systematics, morphology, ecology, and evolution. Students examine fungal diversity and evolutionary relationships while evaluating fungi as ecological drivers, symbionts, and pathogens. Emphasis is placed on integrative approaches to fungal classification and interpretation of mycological data. The course supports advanced understanding of fungi as model systems in biological research and prepares students for professional and scholarly work in ecology, microbiology, and evolutionary biology.

BIO 7433. Population Genetics.

This course provides a comprehensive introduction to the core concepts in population genetics and applications in evolutionary biology. Major topics include principles of population genetics, quantification of genetic variation, molecular marker systems, mathematical modeling and simulations, molecular evolution and evolutionary processes. Instruction emphasizes basic computer programming, critical analysis of scientific literature, and application of quantitative and conceptual frameworks to specific questions in population genetics and genomics. Students examine theoretical and analytical methods and case studies from the primary scientific literature. Students evaluate and synthesize contemporary research findings to construct evidence-based conclusions about specialized topics in population genetics.

BIO 7434. Herpetology.

This course examines the origin and evolution of amphibians and reptiles, including their reproductive and physiological adaptations, taxonomy, systematics, and population biology. Content emphasizes North American species, especially groups inhabiting Texas. Students consider how amphibians' and reptiles' biology informs understanding of broader environmental patterns and processes. Laboratory work develops identification skills, evaluates habitat requirements, and examines conservation issues. Students analyze diagnostic visual and auditory characteristics to distinguish among amphibians and reptiles and to draw evidence-based biological inferences.

BIO 7440. Aquatic Toxicology.

This course introduces students to the principles for identifying and assessing the adverse effects of chemicals and their mixtures on freshwater and marine organisms and ecosystems. After reviewing the basic concepts of toxicology, students will investigate the toxicodynamics and environmental fate of classic pollutants, such as trace elements, pesticides, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), alongside emerging threats such as per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), micro- and nanoplastics, and pharmaceuticals. Through a series of case studies, students critique historical environmental disasters and investigate current national and global regulatory frameworks.

BIO 7443. Vertebrate Endocrinology.

This course examines function and organization of the endocrine system. It describes the major endocrine glands, the synthesis and release of their hormone products, and their effect on target tissues. Endocrine control of digestion, growth, reproduction, and homeostasis will be compared between mammals and other vertebrate groups. Students will benefit from having a background in genetics and physiology.

BIO 7466. Phylogenetics.

This course examines advanced phylogenetic methodologies used to reconstruct evolutionary relationships among organisms. The main topics include principles of homology, understanding analytical assumptions, model selection, construction of molecular datasets, sequence alignment, tree-building algorithms, and statistical evaluation of phylogenetic hypotheses. Students analyze molecular data using contemporary computational tools and evaluate methodological assumptions underlying phylogenetic inference. Emphasis is placed on developing independent research questions, managing large-scale datasets, and interpreting phylogenetic results within evolutionary and comparative biological frameworks. Prerequisite: BIO 7405 with a grade of "B" or better.

BIO 7468. Groundwater Resources.

This course covers concepts related to geological, physical, chemical, and biological factors influencing sustainable groundwater resources, including hydrologic linkages and interactions with surface aquatic resources. Emphasis will be on the karst aquifer systems of Central Texas and other aquifer systems of the United States. Students will analyze groundwater processes by synthesizing field observations, laboratory measurements, and publicly available hydrologic datasets. Through these approaches, students learn to evaluate groundwater quantity, quality, and data uncertainty, construct water budgets for complex aquifer systems, and interpret groundwater data to assess resource availability and management challenges in regional and national water resource contexts.

BIO 7472. Agent-Based Modeling and Ecology.

This course introduces agent-based modeling as a method for exploring how interactions among individual agents and their environments give rise to populations and ecosystems. Students examine concepts and theories of individual-based ecology and computational modeling for research applications. Emphasis is placed on model development, guiding students from conceptualization through implementation in software used to test scientific hypotheses. Students are expected to enter the course with prior coursework in statistics, ecology, and ecological modeling.

BIO 7599A. Dissertation.

This course represents doctoral‑level enrollment for original dissertation research and writing in Integrative and Applied Biology conducted under the direct supervision of the dissertation advisor. Students engage in independent, sustained scholarly inquiry, including research design, data collection or analysis, interpretation of findings, and preparation of the dissertation. Continuous enrollment is required during each long semester in which dissertation research or writing is conducted to ensure ongoing faculty supervision and academic oversight. This course supports the completion of advanced research that contributes to the scientific understanding of biological systems and resources and fulfills doctoral dissertation requirements.

BIO 7699A. Dissertation.

This course represents doctoral‑level enrollment for original dissertation research and writing in Integrative and Applied Biology conducted under the direct supervision of the dissertation advisor. Students engage in independent, sustained scholarly inquiry, including research design, data collection or analysis, interpretation of findings, and preparation of the dissertation. Continuous enrollment is required during each long semester in which dissertation research or writing is conducted to ensure ongoing faculty supervision and academic oversight. This course supports the completion of advanced research that contributes to the scientific understanding of biological systems and resources and fulfills doctoral dissertation requirements.

BIO 7999A. Dissertation.

This course represents doctoral‑level enrollment for original dissertation research and writing in Integrative and Applied Biology conducted under the direct supervision of the dissertation advisor. Students engage in independent, sustained scholarly inquiry, including research design, data collection or analysis, interpretation of findings, and preparation of the dissertation. Continuous enrollment is required during each long semester in which dissertation research or writing is conducted to ensure ongoing faculty supervision and academic oversight. This course supports the completion of advanced research that contributes to the scientific understanding of biological systems and resources and fulfills doctoral dissertation requirements.